NEBRASKAland
June 1975
NEBRASKAland
VOL. 53 / NO. 6 /JUNE 1975 Published monthly by the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. Fifty cents per copy. Subscription rates $5 for one year, $9 for two years. Send subscription orders to NEBRASKAland, Box 30370, Lincoln, Nebraska 68503. commission Chairman: Jack D. Obbink, Lincoln Southeast District (402) 488-3862 Vice Chairman: Arthur D. Brown, Omaha Douglas-Sarpy District, (402) 553-9625 2nd Vice Chairman: Kenneth W. Zimmerman, Loup City North-Central District, (308) 745-1694 Don O. Bridge, Norfolk Northeast District, (402) 371-1473 William G. Lindeken, Chadron Northwest District, (308) 432-3755 Gerald R. (Bud) Campbell, Ravenna South-central District, (308) 452-3800 H. B. "Tod" Kuntzelman, North Platte Southwest District, (308) 532-2982 Director: Willard R. Barbee Assistant Director: William J. Bailey, Jr. Assistant Director: Dale R. Bree Staff Editor: Lowell Johnson Editorial Assistants: Jon Farrar Greg Beaumont, Ken Bouc, Steve O'Hare Contributing Editors: Bob Grier Faye Musil, Tim Hergenrader, Roland Hoffmann Layout Design: Michele Angle Farrar Illustration: Duane Westerholt Advertising: Cliff Griffin Circulation: Juanita Stefkovich Copyright Nebraska Game and Parks Commission 1975. All rights reserved. Postmaster: if undeliverable, send notice by form 3579 to Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, Box 30370, Lincoln, Nebraska 68503. Second class postage paid at Lincoln, Nebraska Contents FEATURES BIG BASS: MASTER ANGLER SURVEY MISSOURI VALLEY SPRING HARTSUFF CENTENNIAL 8 16 GUIDE TO THE SOUTH PLATTE A Special 18-page section on points of interest in Southern Nebraska 18 FISHING ENJOYING YOUR SPORT " 34 THE NEW FARMING 38 DEPARTMENTS SPEAK UP TRADING POST 49 COVER: The largest of Nebraska's summer wading birds, the great blue heron nests in widely scattered colonies across the state. By June the young herons are squab size, and the adults must fish most of the day to satisfy their appetites. Photo by Jon Farrar. OPPOSITE: Swallowtails are large, conspicuously marked butterflies, found the world over. Of the two dozen species native to North America, this eastern tiger swallowtail is often seen, thanks to its brilliant appearance and wide distribution. This one visits a clump of butter-and-eggs. Photo by Greg Beaumont.
Speak up
NEBRASKAland Magazine invites all readers to submit their comments, suggestions, and gripes to Speak Up. Each month the magazine will publish as many letters as space permits. Pictures are welcome. NEBRASKAland reserves the right to edit and condense letters. — Editor.
Hawks and SuchSir / As a falconer who possesses great admiration for the species pictured on your February issue, I was pleased to receive such a fine photograph on NEBRASKAland.
It is unfortunate, however, that you accompanied your cover with such a state ment, and I wish to take issue with it.
To state that the prairie falcon "could be threatened with extinction" is an over statement. The word "could" takes on an ominous meaning and implies immediate danger to this species, which is unfounded.
The prairie falcon enjoys a large range of suitable habitat in western North America and is found from the prairie provinces of Canada south into Mexico and west to the Pacific Ocean. Adult and sub-adult populations are stable and in most states sizable (Colorado has an estimated 500 nesting pairs) with three to four young fledged per pair each year the norm, and five per year not uncommon.
My reason for being optimistic about this species' future is that its prey prefer ence of primarily non-insectivorous birds and mammals, allows it to avert toxic levels of pesticide, i.e. DDT-related reproductive failures were responsible for the population crash of its cousin, the American peregrin falcon.
Also, this desert falcon haunts the most marginal land in the west, and it is unlikely that it will suffer from loss of nesting habitat due to urban or agricultural development.
After monitoring this species' situation for some years and in discussions with noted experts, I will continue to relate great concern for the prairie falcon's welfare. However, I choose to reserve the need to "cry wolf when and if it is necessary.
Joe Shown Elmwood, Nebr.Certainly we did not intend to cry wolf needlessly. Unfortunately man has so fouled his environment that the chemical "wolves" are all around us. As for the status of the prairie falcon we would remind Mr. Shown that the species is in cluded in the United States Department of the Interior's Threatened Wildlife of the United States. Leading experts in all fields of wildlife select those species sufficiently endangered to be included. In the most recent edition it states that the prairie falcon "has disappeared from many local ities within its overall range." Poor nesting success, resulting from accumulations of hard pesticides, and the practice of falconers taking young may be factors contributing to their decline. (Editor)
Birds GaloreSir / I have enjoyed NEBRASKAland for many years. I think the Nebraska Game and Parks Commission should be commended for this excellent publication, and I have attempted to save each copy.
I read the March "Speak Up" column and was somewhat appalled by Mrs. Fosters' comments about the magazine being dominated by hunting and fishing articles. In my opinion, your magazine has always had an excellent variety of articles. I wish that Mrs. Foster would check pages 58 and 59 of the June, 1964 issue. I believe she will find a good story on the robin that was written by Bob Wood. There have been other issues with pictures of robins. In past issues, NE BRASKAland has included articles about various song birds, reptiles, rodents, mammals, and flora that are found in our great state. Besides the hunting and fishing articles, there have been many excellent items on history, wildlife, outdoor sports, and the study of nature. I just cannot buy the idea that NEBRASKAland is simply a hunting magazine.
I will agree with Mrs. Foster that NE BRASKAland has many excellent pictures that may be used in school. I hope your magazine will continue the excellent photography. I hope Mrs. Foster will check into the Pitman-Robertson bill and find out what hunters have contributed to wildlife.
Gayle Ellison Lewiston, Nebr.Thank you for the kind words and astute observations. We like you too! (Editor)
Looked in VainSir / Read my April issue of NEBRASKAland today and looked in vain for the "Speak Up" feature. Please don't discontinue this; I've found it most interesting. I surely hope future copies will include this feature.
Mrs. C. W. McClain Chadron, Nebr.We were sorry to have omitted Speak Up in April, but were forced to it because of the 34-page section on deer, which necessitated many format changes for that issue. As you can see, Speak Up is back again, and will continue to be. Thank you for your interest. (Editor)
Hunt the DoveSir / If you cut the brome and grass around the lakes and state highways you will never have pheasant and quail. I let the brome on my waterway grow and fertilize these. Why not open dove season —there are hundreds around my ponds. They also hatch three times a year and the first hatch may even have young. Why not have a season here, when the states on either side of us do? I will try to do all I can to preserve the game.
Clarence Kineger Roca, Nebr.We, too, would like to see a dove season passed in Nebraska, but the proposition is now in the hands of the State Legislature. As for mowing, it is just one of many practices which inhibits game production — along with burning, ripping outshelterbelts and other habitat, etc. The State Department of Roads and various railroads have been very helpful in recent years, attempt ing to preserve cover along their rights-of-way at least until after bird-hatching season. Every effort must be made to provide as much cover as possible, and the more landowners who consider wildlife during their normal farming operations, the better off we'll be. (Editor)
Tanning InfoSir / We have always loved your magazine and the stories. Last week while cleaning out the old issues I started to read (or reread) some stories that interested me, and to think of articles that have never been printed. Then I thought of some in formation on tanning hides.
I would like to get some information on tanning —and to find an easy and afford able way of doing this. Thank you for any help you can give.
Jackie Wieiand Hastings, Nebr.Under separate cover (meaning not in this issue) I am sending you several articles on tanning processes. We will also attempt to publish some recipes and data prior to the deer season this fall on tanning, which is of interest to many hunters, etc. (Editor)
BIG BASS: a master angler survey
EVER WONDER where to go for a lunker large-mouthed bass? May be Florida, Georgia or California, but 292 fishermen might say you can get top-notch bass fishing right here in our state. These same 292 anglers each caught at least one lunker, five pounds or larger, last year in Nebraska.
I recently tallied the results of the 1974 Master Angler Awards for large mouthed bass and came up with some information that may surprise some anglers.
A total of 372 bass of 5 pounds or more went home with the 292 fishermen. Thirty-nine anglers caught two or more, five had six or more, and one fishing fanatic caught 10 Master Angler-sized bass last year.
What was the best bass lure? Of the 372 big bass, 65 liked spinner baits the best; 62 gobbled up plastic worms; 53 hit spinners; 37 took diving plugs; 27 smacked surface lures; 12 hit worm/spinner combinations, and the anglers who caught the remaining 63 bass didn't want anyone to know what they used.
Since we obviously can't promote certain brands of lures, we can only tell the type of lure used as stated by the anglers. For our purposes, spinner baits are lures consisting of a wire bent in the middle and a single large, lead-headed hook with a rubber skirt, hair or feather tail attached to one end and one or two spinner blades attached to the other end.
Spinners are usually described as a single blade revolving around a shaft with a weighted body in the center and a treble hook on the end.
Plastic worms may be floating or sinking, with a lead head or other at tachment to give the worm some action.
Diving plugs are lures which when retrieved, plane downwards in the water. These include the so-called balsa wood lures that float at rest and dive when retrieved. Other types are lures that begin sinking as soon as they hit the water, and deep-diving lures that descend deeper as the speed of the retireve is increased.
Surface lures are those designed to be fished on the top of the water. These include poppers, nodding plugs with or without spinner blades, and darters which wobble sideways along or near the surface when retrieved.
Worm/spinner lures are here described as the so-called small spin types used so effectively for crappie and bluegill. These are often scaled down versions of spinner baits.
As for baits, it seems that minnows suckered 21 of the big* bass, worms and nightcrawiers proved too much for 16, and five couldn't resist hitting a live frog. Miscellaneous baits took 11 big bass. These included crayfish and other baits. One enterprising angler took advantage of the large mouth's voracious appetite and used a pair of field mice to score on two big bass in May.
When was the best time to catch a lunker? May proved to be the hottest month for biggies, with 100 big bass landing on the stringer in that lovely month. April was close behind with 80 bass, while June, July and August produced over 30 bass each. March, September and October were next with over 20 each. February and November provided eight and nine bass respectively, and the months of January and December failed to produce any big bass for Nebraska anglers.
Where's the best place to go? This is a difficult question to answer be cause bass fishermen, like their quarry, tend to be close-mouthed; the fishermen perhaps more so, especially about telling where they fish. Farm ponds, though, mainly in the eastern half of the state, accounted for at least 106 big bass or nearly one-third of the total. Sandpits throughout the state produced 71 lunkers; the Salt Valley reservoirs gave up 53; Red Willow reservoir produced the most for any single lake with 45; Wellfleet Lake south of North Platte had 14 lunkers; and 83 were caught in "other" wa ters across the state. Most of these were probably farm ponds, sandpits and private lakes, but they weren't stated on the Master Angler application form.
Now, before you rush off to your favorite fishing hdle or to search for a new one, let me tell you about the lures or bait that worked best during certain parts of the year.
In February, minnows were best, taking nearly all of the big bass. March and April were spinner months, with single-bladed spinners out-fishing everything else. In March they accounted for six bucket-mouths while diving plugs took three, plastic worms, spinner baits and worm/spinner com bos took two apiece. Minnows again scored well and took four bass —the only ones caught on bait that month.
April produced 22 heavyweights on spinners; spinner baits and diving plugs each produced 12; and plastic worms took 10. Minnows took two, worms one, and other baits took two.
In May, the 9 successful spinners took a back seat to 17 spinner baits, 13 plastic worms, and 10 live worms, but edged out all the others. Six bass fell to topwater lures this month; diving plugs took seven.
June fishing success tapered off considerably, and seven topwater lures outfished the others. Plastic worms were second with six and diving plugs ran a close third by taking five. Spin ner baits, spinners and spin/worm combos accounted for only one each during this month. Bait fared poorly also, with worms catching three big bass.
July (Continued on page 47)
NEBRASKAland
Missouri Valley Spring
When spring comes, the Missouri River Valley surges with new life an extravagance of flora and fauna. Wildflowers push free of the matted forest floor, whorls of leaves emerge from their sheaths, and the woodland animals are occupied with courtship
8 9
THE SIOUX CALLED the Missouri River "Mini Sose", which means "water roiled" or "muddy water". Early pioneers named it the "Big Muddy" and described it as a burly, husky bulldozer of a stream. Missouri Valley farmers have said: "it is the hungriest river ever created. It is eating all the time — eating yellow clay banks and cornfields, eighty acres at a mouthful; winding up its banquet with a truck garden and picking its teeth with the timbers of a big red barn___" The Missouri's bed was once so notorious for shifting that one bottomland farmer is quoted as saying that: "Of all the variable things in creation, the most uncertain are the action of a jury, the state of woman's mind and the condition of the Missouri River."
Before most of the Missouri River was "stabilized", 500 miles of its meandering channel bordered on Nebraska. Today, with its course straightened, probably less than 400 miles of the state butts against the river. But, within the vast Missouri's valley, there remain many areas that have changed little from their primitive state. Much of the bottomland is blanketed with row crops now, but the wooded bluffs and topland remain the westernmost outposts of the eastern hardwood forest. The Missouri Valley forest is the final challenge to the grass's supremacy on the prairie and plains. Within this bluffland is a wealth of plants and animals; an amalgamation of woodland species with those of the mid-continental grasslands.
Were it not for the Missouri River and its profound influence upon the local climate, eastern Nebraska would probably be destitute of forests. A chain of conditions and effects have made the Missouri blufflands the unique assemblage of fauna and flora that it is today.
Over millions of years, the Missouri and its tributaries cut a canyon through the wind-swept prairie. In an environment of humid air and moist loess, a hardwood forest established and spread. With the forest came a canopy of leaves that filtered out the drenching sunlight needed for grasses to survive. Shade-tolerant shrubs and herbs colonized the void. With the hardwoods and shrubbery came a host of insects, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals especially adapted to live in a woodland environment. Because of the river, an entirely new community of plants and animals established on the prairie.
Within this bluffland forest there is great variation. Plant species are sorted according to their water and light requirements. In southeast Nebraska, where the river forest is the most extensive and complex, at least five major tree communities are found. Within these communities are animals that have adapted to specific micro-environments.
Closest to the river, on lowland that is occasion ally washed by high water, is the floodplain forest community. Willows and cottonwoods are the first to colonize, staking their claims to temporarily drained sandbars. Higher on the floodplain, the cottonwoods intermingle with boxelder, ash, elm and walnut. The undercover is a rank, weedy growth.
On moist north slopes or in protected ravines is the Missouri Valley's climax forest —the red oak/ linden community. These giant trees climb as high as 75 to 90 feet and form canopies so closed that other tree species are denied sufficient light to es tablish or survive. Small trees, with low light requirement, like the hop hornbeam and pawpaw, form small groves in the shadows. Because of these low light levels, the red oak/linden forest has few shrubs but provides the precise environment for such delicate spring flowers as the yellow lady slipper and showy orchis.
On well drained hillsides, above the red oak/ linden community, is the black oak/shagbark hickory forest. On long slopes these two species often segregate; the shagbarks forming dense stands of straight, columnar trees above the black oaks. Chinquapin oaks and Kentucky coffee trees are found competing successfully in this community. Morel mushrooms, Sweet William phlox and jack in-the-pulpit favor the forest floor of this type.
Above the black oaks and shagbarks, crawling up over the bluff tops, is the bur oak/bitternut hickory forest. Exposed to the hot, dry prairie winds, these trees are small in comparison to the deep forest species, growing to only 20 feet along the northern Missouri. Their foliage is sparse, light penetration good, and a dense growth of shrubs including goose berry, raspberry and serviceberry, thrive under them.
Along the border of the woodland, forming a tension band with the prairie, is a plant community composed primarily of scrubby hazelnut and sumac. These are the plants that dare compete with the grasses. Depending upon local conditions, this band may be as narrow as a few feet or as wide as a mile where they colonize out along ridges and gullies. Here the showy prairie herbs —butterfly weed, gayfeather and coneflower —demand their place.
Just as particular plants establish in specific topographic areas that fulfill their life requirements, so, too, do animals reside in the plant community that provides the food, shelter and living space they need. Thus the little blue heron and the wood duck frequent the flood-plain to feed or nest; the wood peckers, ovenbirds, vireos and gray squirrels the deeper forests; and the horned lark, bobwhite and whitetail the forest edge.
Each plant and animal places certain, unique demands on its environment. It is this precise specialization that makes an ecosystem work as a whole. In Nebraska, there is no better example of this than the bluffland of the Missouri.
Hartsuff Centennial 1874-1974
A BLEACHED buffalo skull frowned from its pole before the tipi. A rising sun gave an eerie glow to the light-colored cone, decorated with blaze-red symbol writing.
Nearby, smoke and steam mingled, giving a special scent to early morning coffee. Coals from last night's campfire were nudged and blown to start new flames for bacon and eggs and golden brown pancakes.
It was August, 1974, at Fort Hartsuff State Historical Park near Burwell; the beginning of a second seven years. The occasion was the celebration of the fort's centennial. For seven years, Hartsuff had been active; for 100 years the old grout buildings had stood the test of time, some of them to crumble into various states of disrepair. But, the long job of restoration was In full swing, and festivities brought attention to the old post which was base from where Indian and white skirmished.
For two days, the post was turned over to the past. Buckskin clad shooters wandered the grounds, camping at the edge of the fort. Ladies in long, high-collared muslin dresses walked the promenades side by side with a blanket-wrapped Indian and the "post commander" in full uniform.
Saturday, I pulled into the makeshift campgrounds in a pickup camper to cover the event for NEBRASKAland Magazine. I had worked the Sand Hills district for two days before, and figured this was just the last two days before I could return to Lincoln and home.
Little did I know the surprises park superintendent Roye Lindsay had in store for his visitors, and little did I realize that I had, purely by chance, parked next to the coming winner of the state wide muzzle-loader shoot that was being held at the fort.
Barely 10 minutes later, Buzz Schritt, Mike Hansen and Rich Rowbal wandered over to investigate the government vehicle. Before long we were extending the conversation over a tiny community campfire, sizzling pork chops and steaming rice along with tomatoes and cucumbers and cokes pulled out of various coolers and campers.
I had already missed a great deal of fun, I was informed, by getting in so late. According to Fred Greguras, chairman of the Department of the Platte, Council (Continued on page 42)
The South Platte Area Vacation Guide
THOUSANDS OF SURFACE acres of recreational water for the public, hundreds of miles of shoreline, and thousands of acres of public land around them, is still just a small part of the total picture in southwest Nebraska—the South Platte area. Although the original planning for the major reservoirs in that portion of the state dwelled primarily on flood protection, with secondary benefits of irrigation water, the recreation aspects have long since become a major factor. The five reservoirs on the Republican River and its tributaries, Harlan County (photo opposite), Medicine Creek, Red Willow, Enders and Swanson, provide recreation for many thousands each year. Also in the South Platte area are four large reservoirs on the Tri-County system, plus 26 additional canyon reservoirs. Included are Johnson Lake, Jeffrey, Midway, and Gallagher Canyon. This system provides irrigation water for thousands of acres plus serving for generation of electrical power. Nebraska has come a long way in water resources in the past 30 years, and much of it has been in the South Platte area. Benefits will continue to be derived from the complex of reservoirs both in flood control/irrigation and recreation.
From a region of questionable production each year due to the proclivities of the weather, large portions of the South Platte area are now among the most extensively irrigated of anywhere in the nation. In fact, it was a pioneer area in many respects. Another additional benefit from these admirable ventures has been the creation of thousands of acres of public-use lands. As the area around the reservoirs is neces sarily limited for development, the habitat is turned over to wildlife production—to the benefit of the hunter and nature buff. People of the South Platte area, blessed with fine recreation facilities, have taken an interest in improving them further, both for their benefit and for tourists. Mini tours and other introductory programs are thus being provided in order that other people become aware of what is available in that section of the state. The following pages should help introduce the area to those who are yet strangers.
The South Platte Area... a quick look
The South Platte boasts some of the most beautiful and most unique scenery in the midwest. Centuries of wind whistling down from the Colorado mountains and across the prairies have created miles of unusual formations. Huge canyons, rugged gullies, bustling rivers and twist ing streams, crammed with fish, all carve ever-changing paths across the South Platte area.
Natural and man-made lakes are plentiful. Seven major reservoirs and a number of smaller ones dot this part of the state. While visiting the South Platte region, your family is never more than an hour's drive from 'lake side." And, you'll have another pleasant surprise when you reach one of those lakes. Our lush, green recreation areas are uncrowded and serene.
Fall visitors can take advantage of some of the best hunt ing in the U.S. Nebraska has established the longest pheasant season in the country and the South Platte area is among the best for seeking the wily bird. Duck and quail gunning are also tops in many sections of this region, and when it comes to deer hunting —both white tails and mulies are plentiful.
Contemporary activities like sailing regattas, water skiing and fishing contests join traditional activities like out standing county fairs, old-fashioned settlers' picnics, thrilling rodeos and western trail rides to provide more than enough fun and excitement for everyone.
The South Platte is a beautiful, peaceful, unspoiled family vacationland. We invite you to talk with us and meet our families as you pass through our towns. Visit our historical landmarks, museums and memorials, enjoy our lakes, rivers, parks and recreation areas, and spend a leisurely stay in our favorite part of Nebraska.
This brochure has been prepared to help you get to know us. We hope that you will have the opportunity of visiting each of our communities and recreational areas.
Enjoy your travels this summer, and welcome to the South Platte.
Various sections of this guide refer back to this the following color coding to locate respective map, which uses points of interest Historical Points of Interest Lakes and Fishing Major Museums Other Attractions
Historical Points of interest
IMPERIAL CHAMPION MILL —Champion, preliminary construction began in 1866 and became operational in late 1888; the original mill burned in early 1890s, but was rebuilt and remained in use until June, 1968.
BENKELMAN SITE OF GENERAL CUSTER-PAWNEE KILLER EN COUNTER—located on the south edge of Benkel man. On June 24, 1867, Pawnee Killer led a dawn attack on Custer's Camp after a parlay between Custer and Pawnee Killer failed.
CULBERTSON STONE CHURCH-along Driftwood Creek, is located seven miles south of Culbertson. It's a one story, native-stone structure with a steep gable roof.
STOCKVILLE BRIDGEFORD SITE-located on the west bank of Medicine Creek, approximately one-half mile below Medicine Creek Dam.
COUNTY COURT HOUSE-Stockville, is an unpretentious frame structure erected in the 1880s. It is still occupied and used as a court house.
HAYES CENTER DUKE ALEXIS CAMP SITE-located 10 miles north west of Hayes Center. In 1872 the Grand Duke Alexis of Russia, the 22-year-old brother of the reigning Czar, came to hunt buffalo with "Buffalo Bill" Cody.
ESTELLE POST OFFICE-located in the vicinity of Hamlet. Begun in 1878 by John Daniels, it was finished in 1881. It was constructed as a rectangular building with a flat roof and of native stone.
TRENTON CARMODY SITE-located on a ridge 1/4-mile below the Trenton Dam. Glass beads and other evidence suggests that the Pawnee also visited the site.
MASSACRE CANYON BATTLEFIELD-located three miles northeast of Trenton near U.S. Highway 34. It was the site of a battle between 1,000 Sioux and 350 Pawnee in which about 70 Pawnee were killed.
MASSACRE CANYON SITE-located on U. S. High way 34, four miles east of Trenton.
McCOOK FITCH HOUSE —three miles southwest of McCook on Driftwood Creek. This is a two-story frame build ing with a later addition attached to form an "L" shaped plan. Built during 1873-76, the building served as a home and frontier trading post.
NORRIS (SEN. GEORGE W.) HOUSE-706 Norris Avenue, in McCook was erected in 1886. Senator Norris purchased the house in 1899 and continued to occupy it until his death in 1944.
SUTTON HOUSE-McCook, was erected 1906 1908. It is the only house in Nebraska built from plans prepared by Frank Lloyd Wright. It is constructed of brick and stucco.
BARTLEY POLYHEDRAL BARN-erected approximately 1920.
BEAVER CITY NORRIS (GEORGE) HOUSE-the residence of Sena tor George Norris when he first practiced law.
AIRPORT —said to be the first private airport in the world.
EDISON SCHOOL HOUSE —a one-story, one-room, frame structure originally located three and one-half miles southeast of Edison. It was erected in approximately 1896.
HOLBROOK LOG CABIN —located on the north side of Highway 6 and 34 near Holbrook. It was originally located 14 miles north of town. This one-room cabin was erected by William Pennington in 1874.
ARAPAHOE DUGOUT—located on the west side of Elk Creek, two and one-half miles north of Arapahoe. This dugout was used during the 1890s as a seasonal shelter.
BERTRAND PLUM CREEK MASSACRE SITE-located approximately 12 miles north of Bertrand near the mouth of Plum Creek. The massacre occurred during the general Indian uprisings of the 1860s.
ORLEANS CULBERTSON GRAVE SITE-located in the Orleans cemetery. Major Alexander Culbertson, 1809-1879, began his career on the upper Missouri in 1833 in charge of Fort McKenzie until 1840.
ALMA JUDGE WILLIAM GASTIN HOMESTEAD-located in Section 23,T2N, R19W. Judge Gastin was a pioneer district judge who achieved fame in Nebraska for bringing Print Olive to justice.
RAGAN PIONEER CROSSING-located on Highway 4, west of Ragan. At an unknown date, a grading was cut in the steep banks of Turkey Creek in order that wagons could cross from one side to the other.
MINDEN HAROLD WARP PIONEER VILLAGE-located in Minden, is a complex of more than 20 buildings. Most of the buildings are historically important and have been moved to this outdoor museum.
FORT KEARNY-located approximately 10 miles north of Minden and 3 miles west on Highway L50 A. The fort was occupied from 1848-71.
LOWELL-located on Highway L 50A, approximately five miles west of Highway 10 junction, is a town established in 1871. Lowell was a county seat from 1872-78 and was the site of a land office from 1872 to 1874.
NEWARK RADFORD ROUND BARN-located on the Cliff Younkin farm, 1 mile east of Newark. The barn was built of ceramic tile in 1913.
HASTINGS ALEXANDER HOUSE-located in Hastings at Lincoln and 7th Streets. It is a former location for one of the first dwellings in Hastings. It was built in 1872.
HASTINGS COLLEGE-located at Turner Avenue, was founded in 1882. Many of the early buildings still survive on this beautiful campus.
OLIVE TRIAL SITE-purportedly at the southeast corner of St. Joseph and 3rd Streets in Hastings. It was the location of a sensational murder trial held at Liberal Hall in April of 1879. Cattlemen LP. Olive, Fred Fisher and several associates were charged with the brutal lynching of homesteaders Luther Mitchell and Ami Ketchum.
ST. MARK'S EPISCOPAL CHURCH-located on Burlington Avenue, is a handsome stone building of sim plified Gothic design.
HOLSTEIN EINSPAHR SOD HOUSE-located south of Holstein, is the only known sod house still standing in Adams County. Originally built as a two-room soddy by Silas Jackson in the early 1880s.
KENESAW SUSAN HAIL GRAVE-located at the southeast quarter of Section 18, T8N, R12W, 2 miles north and 3 miles west of Kenesaw, it is one of the few marked graves among the thousands of immigrant graves along the old Oregon Trail.
OREGON TRAIL RUTS-visible just south of the Susan Hail Grave. Other sites of trail segments which are still visible in Adams County include: NE Vi, Section 21, T7N R11W; NWV2 Section 22, T7N R11W; NW V2 Section 15, T5N R10W; SW Vi Section 13, T6N, R10W.
JUNIATA JUNIATA —a boom town in the early 1870s and seat of Adams County from 1871-1877. 32-MILE CREEK STATION-located 1 mile east and
5 miles south of Juniata. The former location of a long, one-story building erected in 1859 and used as a stage and Pony Express station along the old Oregon Trail.
RED CLOUD BURLINGTON DEPOT-South Seward Street, a frame building erected in 1897 and recently restored.
WILLA CATHER CHILDHOOD HOME-southwest corner, 3rd and Cedar Streets, is a simple house built in 1878 and occupied by Willa Cather as a young woman from 1884-90.
WILLA CATHER PIONEER MEMORIAL BUILDING located east side of Webster Street. This handsome masonry building was erected in 1889 as the Farmers' and Merchants' Bank for Silas Garber, the fourth governor of Nebraska.
CATHOLIC CHURCH-northeast corner, 3rd and Vine Streets. It is an attractive brick structure built as a Catholic Church in 1883 and converted into a dwelling in 1906. It has recently been restored to its approximate original appearance.
COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS-west side of Webster Street, between 4th and 5th Streets. They are a hand some row of brick commercial buiidings and one of the best preserved commercial rows of the 1880s in Nebraska.
MINER HOUSE-southwest corner, 3rd and Seward Streets. This is a frame house constructed in 1880. It's a handsome example of Italianate domestic architec ture, occupied in the 1880s by the Miner family.
RED CLOUD STOCKADE SITE-located just east of Red Cloud, this is the site of a log and sod stockade built in 1870 to protect local settlers against Indian attacks.
WEBSTER COUNTY HISTORICAL MUSEUM BUILD ING - 721 West 4th Avenue. This is a handsome brick mansion built in 1905 for Dr. Robert Dammerell, a physician. It is now used as a museum by the Web ster County Historical Society.
STARKE BARN-located directly south of Amboy Junction, between Red Cloud and Guide Rock, is this handsome frame barn. It is circular in plan and 130 feet in diameter. This barn is the largest round barn in the United States.
GUIDE ROCK GUIDE ROCK-a high bluff located about 1 mile southeast of the community of Guide Rock. It is a landmark which was well-known to early Indian and white travelers.
MAPLE GROVE CHURCH-located 4 miles south and 1 mile west of Guide Rock. It is a frame structure built in 1876 as a United Brethren Church.
PIKE PAWNEE VILLAGE SITE-also known as the Hill Site, it is located on the south side of the Republican River, about 4 miles southwest of Guide Rock. This is the site of a former large village established by the Republican Pawnee Indians in 1777.
PIKE RIFLE PITS-located on the north side of the Republican River, about 4 miles west of Guide Rock. Large depressions located in pasture land on the Orville Giger farm are claimed to be the remains of rifle pits dug in 1806 by the Pike Expedition for defense against a feared attack by the Republican Pawnee.
DONIPHAN CAMPBELL MONUMENT-located on the south side of the Platte River, 2 miles west of Doniphan. This is a stone marker erected in memory of a nearby Indian raid in 1867, in which 2 white settlers were killed and 4 children kidnapped, later returned.
JUNCTIONVILLE RANCH SITE-just south of the Platte River, 1 mile east and 3 miles north of Doniphan. The Ranch site is located at the junction of the old Ox-Box and Ft. Kearny Cut-off trails which were heavily traveled by freighters and immigrants in the mid 19th Century.
MARTIN BROTHERS INCIDENT-commemorated by a stone marker located along U.S. Highway 34, 1 mile south of Doniphan. Nearby, in 1864, 2 young boys, while fleeing from a Sioux Indian war party, were struck by a single arrow which pinned them together. They fell from their horse and were left for dead, but survived.
AURORA AURORA HOTEL-faces the Court House Square in Aurora. The original section was built in 1877 as a two-story frame building with a mansard roof.
BATES HOUSE-the northwest corner of 9th and J Streets in Aurora. This is a frame house with a man sard roof which was built in the late 1870s.
COUNTY COURT HOUSE-Aurora, a masonry courthouse built in 1894-95.
STOCKHAM FARMERS VALLEY MILL-located 5 miles east of Stockham on the south side of the West Blue River, was originally established about 1880 by John and Asa Martin as a water-powered burr mill. In 1892 it was converted into a roller mill.
ORVILLE CITY SITE-located 2 miles northwest of Stockham. The site of the first seat of Hamilton Coun ty.
HAMPTON MILLSPAUGH RANCH SITE-established in 1861 on the south side of Beaver Creek, it is located 2 miles southeast of Hampton.
MUSEUM OF THE HAMILTON COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY-10th and M Streets in Aurora. This large brick structure was built as a dwelling in 1883.
PRAIRIE CAMP SITE-south side of Beaver Creek, about 3 miles southwest of the Millspaugh Ranch. This was a relay station established in 1863 to serve the stage line between Nebraska City and Fort Kearny.
HARVARD BANK BUILDING-located on the southeast corner, Clay and Oak Streets in Harvard, this is a handsome brick structure built in 1880.
SUTTON OLD CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH-located on the southwest corner of Hickory Street and Saunders Avenue in Sutton. This is a frame structure built by the Congregationalists in 1875.
OLD EVANGELICAL CHURCH - located on the southeast corner of Hickory Street and May Avenue in Sutton. This frame structure was built in 1884 as an Evangelical Church and is now occupied by the Salem United Methodist congregation.
FRENCH DUGOUT SITE-located in Sutton's City Park. The site of the dugout residence of Luther French who settled in Sutton in 1870.
CLAY CENTER GRAHAM BARN - located one-half mile west and 2 miles south of Clay Center. This is a frame structure built in 1914-15 for H. M. Graham. It is a round (technically, eight-sided) barn constructed around a central silo.
NAVAL AMMUNITION DEPOT-a42,753-acre tract of land in Adams and Clay counties. This huge tract was purchased in 1942 by the U. S. Navy for use in storage of ammunition.
SPRING RANCH CEMETERY-located on the south bank of the Little Blue River, Section 17, T5N, R8W. This is an old settler's cemetery which includes the graves of Mrs. Elizabeth Taylor and her twin brother, Tom Jones. In 1885, both were hanged from a nearby river bridge by an irate mob.
SPRING RANCH —this vicinity is especially rich in
history; despite vicissitudes in population and several
Nebraska's largest museum is Minden's Pioneer Village
relocations of the focal point of this community.
Spring Ranch is probably Clay County's oldest set
tlement. It was first established along the Oregon Trail
in 1859.
EDGAR JONES TIMBER CLAIM-located about 2 miles west of Edgar. This land was filed upon by David D. Jones in 1874 and was one of the early claims made in this nation under the Timber Culture Act of 1873.
DEWEESE LIBERTY FARM STATION - located on the north bank of the Little Blue River, one-half mile northeast of Deweese. This is the former location of an important home station of the Pony Express in 1860-61.
SUPERIOR UNION HOTEL —in Superior is a most handsome structure of Italianate design. It was built in 1880. LOG CABIN —located in Lincoln Park, was purport edly built in 1872 by William Louden, the founder of Superior.
NELSON COUNTY COURT HOUSE-located in Nelson, is a brick structure erected in 1890.
COUNTY JAIL-located just west of the County Court House in Nelson, this is a handsome structure built in 1878. At that time, it was one of the costliest jail structures in Nebraska.
ROUND BARN-located 9 miles southeast of Nelson. This is a frame barn built in 1900 and constructed around a 38-foot-high silo.
LOG CABIN —located in Harbine Park at Nelson. This cabin was erected in 1873 near Nelson and moved to Harbine Park in 1920.
OAK EUBANK RANCH - located about 1 mile northwest of Oak. The site of a former immigrant supply station located at the "Narrows" along the Little Blue River and serving traffic along the Oregon Trail
OAK GROVE STATION-located about 1/2 miles southeast of Oak. This is the site of a former Oregon Trail stage and Pony Express station.
Lakes and FishingENDERS RESERVOIRS Located 5 miles east and 4V2 miles south of Imperial. Camping available and all boats allowed. Fish species include walleye during April, May, June, and October; dam and entire lake. Channel catfish in April to September; entire lake. Crappie, April to June; bays, west end, and dam. Yellow perch, September and October; dam and bays.
ROCK CREEK LAKE Located 5 miles north of Parks. Species include blue gill, large-mouthed bass, rock bass, small-mouthed bass, northern pike, bullhead, channel catfish and walleye. Boating is restricted to nonpowered craft.
SWANSON RESERVOIR Located 2 miles west of Trenton. Camping available and all boats allowed. Fish species include walleye, April-June; dam, outlet. Crappie, April-June; bays and dam. Channel catfish, April-October; entire lake and west end. White bass, May-October; west end, inlet. Local inquiry at the marina is advised.
HAYES CENTER LAKE Located 12 miles northeast of Hayes Center. Camping available and all boats allowed. Fish species include large-mouthed bass, catfish, crappie, bluegill, and northern pike. This 60-acre lake is rated as excellent.
RED WILLOW RESERVOIR Located 11 miles north of McCook. Camping available and all boats allowed. Fish species include wall eye, April-October, slack in August; east end of dam and inlet. Large and smallmouthed bass, April October, slack in July and August; bays. Northern pike, April-May; entire lake, bays. Bluegill, January and February, ice fishing at north end and in bays; May, June, and August, entire lake, bays. Channel catfish, April to October; inlet and entire lake depending upon month, local inquiry advised. Crappie, April to June; bays.
RED WILLOW CREEK Located upstream from Red Willow Dam. Excellent channel catfishing throughout its length. Species present in Hugh Butler Lake are also present in the stream. Local inquiry is of great assistance.
WELLFLEET LAKE Located V?. mile southwest of Wellfleet. Camping is available, but power boats are not allowed. Species include large-mouthed bass, bluegill, channel cat fish, bullhead, green sunfish and northern pike.
PLATTE VALLEY CANAL Located as supply canal between Maloney and Sutherland reservoirs. No camping, and all boats are al lowed. Species include rainbow trout, walleye and white bass; yellow perch and catfish angling is good.
JEFFERY CANYON RESERVOIR Located 5 miles south and 3 miles west of Brady. Camping is available and all boats are allowed. Spe cies include walleye, April to October, slack in August and September, dam outlet, entire lake, inlet. Crappie, April to July, bays, outlet, inlet. Large mouthed bass, May and June; bays, outlet, inlet. White bass, May and June, bays and inlet. Channel catfish, April to October; entire lake. Drum, May to October; entire lake, bays, inlet, outlet, depending on month; local inquiry is advised.
MEDICINE CREEK Located upstream from Medicine Creek Reservoir. Camping and all boats allowed. Species include channel catfish and others found in Medicine Creek Reservoir. Catfishing is rated as some of the best in the southwest region.
MIDWAY CANYON RESERVOIR Located 6 miles north and 2 miles west of Eustis. Camping is available and all boats are allowed. Species include white bass, crappie, channel catfish, yellow perch, drum, bluegill, northern pike, wall eye, large-mouthed bass.
GALLAGHER CANYON RESERVOIR Located 5 miles north of Eustis. Camping available and all boats are allowed. Species include crappie, drum, channel catfish, white bass, yellow perch, wall eye, bluegill, northern pike, and large-mouthed bass.
MEDICINE CREEK RESERVOIR Located 2 miles west and 7 miles north of Cambridge. Camping available and all boats are allowed. Species include large-mouthed bass, spring through fall. Drum, spring and summer. White bass, spring with minnows and artificials. Walleye, April to October, slack in August; south end of lake, dam, entire lake depending" upon month. Crappie, April to July, bays and dam. Channel catfish, April to October; inlet, north end of lake, and entire lake depending upon month.
REPUBLICAN RIVER Located upstream from Harlan Reservoir. All boats are allowed. Species include white bass, channel catfish and flathead catfish.
JOHNSON RESERVOIR Located 7 miles north of Elwood. Camping and all boats allowed. Species include walleye, April to October; inlet, outlet, dam, entire lake. Crappie, April to June; dam, bays, inlet, outlet. Channel catfish, April to October; inlet, outlet, bays, entire lake depending on the month. White bass, April to September; inlet, outlet, entire lake.
HARLAN COUNTY RESERVOIR Located 2 miles south of Republican City. Camping available and all boats are allowed. Species include walleye, April to October, slack in August; east end of lake and dam. White bass, April to September, west end of lake, bays, and entire lake during the summer months. Crappie, April to June; bays and dam. Channel catfish, April to October; inlet, west end of lake, and entire lake, depending upon the month.
Major
Museums
PIONEER VILLAGE Located 12 miles south of I-80, Minden interchange. This museum is one of the top 20 attractions in the United States. This complex of more than 20 build ings houses over 30,000 historical items. Everything Americans have used since 1830 at work, at piay, in the home are on display. You can see it all in chronological order by walking less than a mile.
HASTINGS MUSEUM Located in Hastings, this museum contains the world's largest whooping crane display, Richards coin collection, early household articles, Indian and pioneer displays, and a planetarium.
PLAINSMAN MUSEUM Located in Aurora, just off I-80. Housed in a beautiful new and modern building, it is scheduled for open ing during the summer of 1975.
WEBSTER COUNTY MUSEUM Located in Red Cloud, the exhibits illustrate early pioneer life and household articles of the early pio neer settlers. The museum is housed in an early 1900 brick mansion. An annex contains a display of farm implements.
WILLA CATHER PIONEER MEMORIAL Located in Red Cloud, this museum has accomplished a great deal in preserving and marking sites associated with novelist Willa Cather. Guided tours visiting over 20 historical sites are provided. Relive the past, just as it was when Willa Cather wrote "My Antonia" and "O Pioneers".
MUSEUM OF THE HIGH PLAINS Located in McCook, the exhibits include regional artifacts and mementos of the pioneer days.
Note: Many of the smaller communities maintain local historical societies which can prove to be most interesting. Please ask local citizens for their locations.
Other AttractionsOXFORD OXFORD CHEESE FACTORY-manufactures cheese for the nation's largest supplier.
OXFORD TURKEY HATCHERY-over 2 million turkeys a year are hatched here.
AXTELL BETHPHAGE MISSION-a charitable institution operated by the Lutheran Church. It has assisted hun dreds of unfortunate people since it was founded in 1913.
KHGI-TV —the first television station in the U.S. to be built outside a major metropolitan area. The station was constructed in 1953.
AYR CRYSTAL LAKE —a state recreation area with facilities for tent or trailer campers. Tables, fireplaces, hiking trails and playgrounds are provided.
RED CLOUD REPUBLICAN VALLEY STATE WAYSIDE AREA camping and limited facilities.
ELVVOOD CANADAY STEAM PLANT-located about 12 miles northeast of Elwood. The plant is a 100,000 KW capacity, natural-gas fueled, generating facility built by the Central Nebraska Public Power and Irrigation District. It was completed in 1958.
CLAY CENTER U.S.D.A. MEAT ANIMAL RESERCH CENTER-lo cated immediately west of Clay Center. The Center conducts research on cattle, hogs and sheep for the purpose of increasing production.
UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, SOUTH CENTRAL STATION —this institution conducts production yield research on both irrigated and dryland crops.
When it comes to "getting away from it all", the South Platte area offers many possibilities. But, it also has many places to get to, and all the facilities to make a visit comfortable and memorable. State, federal and municipal parks and recreation areas, plus the many services required by travelers —whether on annual vacation or on a weekend outing —provide everything needed. And, friendly folks with an interest in people will make every effort to make your visit pleasant. State, federal, municipal, and private camping areas dot the countryside, offering ultra-modern sites for those who like to take the indoors outdoors or primitive areas for the back-to nature buffs who seek solitude. Many are free. Costs at others range from 50 cents to $3.50. Camp ing is allowed year-round at most state areas, except under severe weather conditions.
TOWN Public Camp Grounds Parks & Recreational Areas ALMA 1 3 2 1 3 1 2 3 ARAPAHOE 0 1 1 0 6 1 3 4 BEAVER CITY 0 0 2 0 2 0 3 1 CAMBRIDGE 1 0 5 1 5 3 3 3 CURTIS 0 0 2 1 3 0 2 2 ELWOOD 0 0 1 1 3 0 2 0 EUSTIS 0 0 2 0 1 1 2 0 2 FRANKLIN 1 0 1 4 1 3 HAYES CENTER 1 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 0 HOLBROOK 0 1 dm 0 0 1 1 1 0 HOLDREGE 1 3 3 1 6 2 3 4 McCOOK 1 1 2 1 10 1 7 10 MINDEN 1 1 1 1 5 1 3 2 ORLEANS 1 1 0 0 3 1 2 1 OXFORD 0 0 3 1 4 0 1 1 STAMFORD 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 1 0 TRENTON 1 0 3 1 2 1 3 1 AURORA 0 1 1 0 6 1 3 4 CLAY CENTER 0 0 3 1 1 1 2 1 HASTINGS 1 7 0 0 2 20 1 5 13 JUNIATA 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 NELSON 0 0 5 1 2 0 2 2 RED CLOUD 2 1 3 1 6 1 1 2 STRATTON 0 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 SUPERIOR 1 0 3 1 3 1 2 2 Community Services Reereationai Areas RECREATION AREAS BASSWAY STRIP' CHAMPION LAKE' ENDERS RESERVOIR GALLAGHER CANYON HARLAN COUNTY RESERVOIR HAYES CENTER JOHNSON LAKE MEDICINE CREEK RED WILLOW RESERVOIR ROCK CREEK' SANDY CHANNEL SWANSON RESERVOIR WELLFLEEP Location Newark-Minden Interchange, I-80 Vi mi. W. Champion, U.S. 6 or Ne. 106 5 mi. E., 4V2 mi. S. Imperial, U.S. 6 or Ne. 61 8 mi. S. Cozad, U.S. 30 or Ne. 21 Republican City and Alma, tj.S. 136, 183 12 mi. N.E. Hayes Center, Ne. 25 7 mi. S. Lexington, U.S. 30 or 283 2 mi. W., & mi. N Cambridge 11 mi. N. McCook, U.S. 83 4 mi. N., 1 mi. W. Parks, U.S. 34 2 mi. S. Elm Creek Interchange I-80 2 mi. W. Trenton, U.S. 34 Vi mi. S.W. Wellfleet, U.S. 83 or Ne. 23 KEY: Asterisk* indicates minimum camping facilities. R: Restricted to non-power craft. U: A: All craft allowed. C: Unsupervised. Operated by area concessionaire.
These thoughts were firm convictions of Ralph O. Canaday of Hastings in 1934. With his convictions, his ingenuity and an open invitation to the towns in the southwest part of Nebraska, he planned a meeting. The purpose of the meeting was to organize a group of interested people who could more efficiently present the needs of the South Platte area to legislative bodies and would work for its general support.
The first meeting was held in Holdrege, April 4, 1934. Today, over 40 years later, Canaday's thoughts are still the convictions of the 45 Chamber of Commerces that make up the South Platte United Chambers of Commerce.
The first active involvement for the S.P.U.C.C. as a unified force was in the support of the Tri-County Power and Irrigation Project. Their support helped bring about the development of the Kingsley Dam, the Canaday Steam Plant and thousands of acres of irrigated land.
The S.P.U.C.C. strongly endorsed the development of the Harlan County Reservoir and Irrigation Project. They have promoted the extension of a natural gas pipeline to provide economical fuel for pump irrigation. In 1950, they established the first specific plan for needed highway improvement and proceeded to have the State Highway Department pave and develop the South Platte roads.
Annual Irrigation Clinics, starting in 1954, were set up by the S.P.U.C.C. in conjunction with the University of Nebraska, to familiarize farmers and ranchers with irrigation. In 1962, the annual sessions were changed to Livestock Clinics. These clinics, among other things, introduced the advantages of long range farming and livestock plans.
Other projects that the S.P.U.C.C. has actively supported and worked toward include: Raising $5,000 to start a Vegetable Crop Research Program; encouraging the establishment of the Central Nebraska Technical Community College at Hastings; working with the University of Nebraska and state senators to obtain the necessary funds for the establishment of a U.S.D.A. Livestock Research Center. This center now stands on the eastern part of the former Naval Ammunitions Depot in Clay County. This may develop into the largest livestock research center in the world.
The South Platte United Chambers of Commerce is the largest organization of its kind in the United States. Its members have launched their 40th year of working to promote a common interest, "The finest state in the union"-Nebraska. And work ing specifically to promote "the finest region in the state and the finest people on earth"-the people and projects of the South Platte area.
The following paragraph is taken from the closing lines of the 25th anniversary brochure:
"It is because of these friendships and communities work ing together for their common good, the SPUCC is alive today. And it will continue to live as long as its member towns desire to enjoy the progressiveness and friendships that only the SPUCC can offer."
Many area streams and rivers offer opportunities for canoeists The following communities are members of the South Platte United Chambers of Commerce whose cooperation helped to make this Guide possible. Alma, Arapahoe, Aurora, Axtell, Beaver City, Bertrand, Blue Hill, Cambridge, Campbell, Clay Center, Curtis, Eiwood, Eustis, Farnam, Franklin, Guide Rock, Harvard, Hastings, Hayes Center, Hildreth, Holbrook, Holdrege, Indianola, Juniata, Kenesaw, Lincoln, Loomis, Lawrence, Minden, Mc Cook, Nelson, Orleans, Oxford, Palisade, Red Cloud, Rose land, Stamford, Superior, Trenton, Wilcox.If you would like a free copy of the 1976 Vacation Guide, write: South Platte Publishing, Box 81472, Lincoln, Nebr. 68501. We also welcome your comments and suggestions about this year's guide.
FISHING... ENJOYING THE SPORT
MODERN AMERICANS are a funny lot. We "improve" and "develop" things of simplicity and beauty, then wonder where their charm has gone —after they've been plasticized, transistorized, motorized and whatever else we can do to them in the name of progress.
Even a hallowed institution like fishing has not escaped. Much of this ancient and honored pursuit has been "improved" and "modernized" to the point that ol' Ike Walton wouldn't even recognize it. The rat-race world that caused men to seek refuge in angling has now followed them right into their sanctuary.
To a sizeable contingent of today's fishermen, their sport is simply an extension of their competitive world; something very much akin to the scramble for a promotion at the office, the best average in the bowling league, or the lowest score on the links. Many view fishing as just another tournament or a quest for recognition, rather than a soothing outdoor experience. Win ning is everything and esthetics obviously mean nothing. With this "get-ahead" complex, it's easy to see why so many fishermen get tangled up in a world of muscle bound bass boats and electronic paraphernalia without ever experiencing the subtle, intangible gratification that angling has to offer.
One of the best ways for the modern angler to rediscover the simple, basic joys of the sport is to return to its most simple, basic form — panfishing. Here is the very essence of fishing; a maximum of relaxing and reflecting with a minimum of tinkering and fiddling and figuring.
It's not that panfishing is the only true and honorable form of fishing while going after the larger game fish is inherently vile and reprehensible. It's just that a day or two of panfishing could very well be the tonic to help unfortunate fishermen better understand, appreciate and enjoy their sport.
The rewards of panfishing are not all spiritual, either; not by a long shot. Chances are, there'll be enough action to keep busy, and when a hungry school of bluegill or crappie is found, things can get downright exciting. Another reward is the fine feast that follows a successful outing.
Although other species of panfish are found in Nebraska, these two are the most abundant and widely distributed. Probably, one of these same two fish has been the first of many a Nebraskan's angling career.
Crappie generally inhabit some of the state's medium-sized irrigation and flood control reservoirs, and some Sand Hills lakes and sandpits. Bluegill also do well in some of the smaller reservoirs, but their real stronghold is the wealth of farm ponds scattered across Nebraska's countryside.
The bluegill is just about everything a panfisherman could ask for. He is a chunky fellow, with 10-inchers normally weighing a pound. The one-pound mark is generally considered the dividing line between a good and a trophy bluegill.
The bluegill applies his inches and ounces with remarkable efficiency when fighting an angler. Though small, his power and determination make him a popular target for flyrodders and ultra-light fans. He doesn't bother to show off with flashy aerobatics, but generally stays below, turns his slab sides to the angler, and tries to pull his fishing rod into a pretzel.
Another plus for the bluegill is his availability. He can be taken just about any time of the year, and the angler can make the process just as simple or sophisticated as he likes. Just about everyone knows that a small hook (about No. 8) dressed with a worm, a small weight and a bobber, is a sure-fire bluegill getter. All the fisher man needs to know is where and when —where to toss it into the water and when to pull it out.
This is undoubtedly the rig that has launched so many youngsters on a fishing hobby, and kept so many oldtimers interested. This is also the technique that gives the greatest opportunity to soak up some sun, watch the birds and bugs and critters, and just plain relax.
If earthworms are not available or not working, a bait-'n-bobber man should try another offering. If he remembers that bluegill live primarily on insects in their various stages of development, he should have an easy time selecting a bait. Grasshoppers, crickets, catalpa worms and cockroaches are all capable of producing a mess of bluegill.
Those who take up the flyrod in pursuit of bluegill should also keep those insect-eating habits in mind when selecting a fly. Those that look "buggy", with lots of legs, wings and antennae, will generally attract more bluegills then something that imitates a small fish.
Dry flies are the obvious choice when bluegills are hitting at or near the surface. However, some simple wet flies and nymphs are probably the most consistent producers, and some fishermen say a sponge spider is a top-notch bluegill lure.
FISHING... ENJOYING THE SPORT
Whatever the offering, experts generally agree that the flyrod is the most productive bluegill gear around during much of the year. However, many Nebraska fishermen do not own anything except a collection of spinning and spincast gear. Obviously, these can be used with great effectiveness with live bait. And, they can also be used with flies if a clear plastic bobber or casting bubble is added to the line to provide casting weight. The same also applies to ultra-light equipment.
Artificials will also take bluegill, but such hardware is generally a cut or two below flies or bait in effective ness. If artificials must be used, try small spinners or tiny, rubber-bodied, safety-pin spinners. If the bluegill are basking in deep water, two small rubber-bodied jigs fished in tandem sometimes produce.
Collecting the modest amount of equipment needed to catch bluegill is hardly a problem, but knowing where to apply it is sometimes a dilemma to those not familiar with a bluegill's ways. By remembering just a couple of points about bluegill behavior and keeping his eyes open, an angler can usually pinpoint his quarry.
June is probably the best month of all for fishing Nebraska's bluegill. During most of the month, the fish are on their spawning beds, usually in easily accessible shallows along the shoreline. The big males, in their red-breasted courting colors, build circular nests of a foot or two in diameter in from one to five feet of water, usually over a hard clay or sand bottom. They then jealously guard their small territories while attempting to lure a female to their nest.
Often, a fisherman can see these nests. Locating a bed of nests is the nearest thing yet to guaranteed fish ing, since the pugnacious "bull" bluegills attack any thing that comes near their lair.
The rest of the year, bluegill gather in small, loosely knit schools of around 20 fish of about the same size. After the spawning urge is past, the main drive in a blue gill's existence is food and comfort.
Bluegill like cover, and are seldom found far away from it. Given a choice, they gravitate toward aquatic weeds and vegetation rather than brush or stumps, but they can make do with just about anything that provides shade and sanctuary.
In hot summer weather, they will head for deeper water to find temperatures to their liking. To a bluegill, 70 degrees feels just about perfect. In the fall and spring, when water temperatures are cool, bluegill are again ikely to be found in the shallows, where the sun warms the water and chases away the chill.
One of the nicest things about the bluegill is his leisurely, daily schedule. Most of the time he starts feeding in earnest at a respectable hour in the morning, takes a break sometime during the afternoon, and finishes up near dusk with a healthy snack. This spares the fisherman the agony of a pre-dawn wakeup, allows him plenty of time for a good breakfast, and gets him home before supper gets too cold.
Crappie fishing is a lot like bluegill fishing in character, but the two vary considerably in details.
For instance, the crappie's diet leans heavily toward minnows, so different bait and lures are needed. Crappie tend to be most active at dusk and on into the night, so flashlights and gas lanterns are necessary equipment. And, crappies prefer larger lakes, deeper water, and stumps, brushpiles and rocks for cover.
The basic bait-fishing rig of the bluegiller also applies to crappie fishing. The crappie man might sub stitute slightly larger light wire hook, perhaps a No. 6, but the rest of the bait-fishing rig should do just fine.
The best crappie bait, by far, is a minnow. A lot of crappie persons swear by small bait—no more than an inch long —while others claim two-inchers work best. Most fishermen simply hook the minnow through the back just under the dorsal fin, being careful to avoid injuring its spinal column and paralyzing it.
Some fishermen clip part of the minnow's tail fin, which causes the minnow to swim with an exaggerated motion, thereby attracting more attention down below. A similar ruse applied by other anglers is to hook the minnow below the spine and behind the body cavity, so that it hangs upside down. When in the water, the minnow thrashes around frantically trying to turn upright, and its struggle draws fish.
Most of the time, crappies do not fight with the same dogged tenacity that bluegills exhibit, and it's lucky for fishermen that they don't. Crappies have very delicate mouths, made up largely of paper-thin membranes, and too much enthusiasm on the part of the fish or fisher man is likely to tear the hook free.
Next to the minnow and bobber, the most effective method is probably spinning with small artificials. Far and away the most favorite among hardware flingers is the small jig. White or yellow maribou, hair or rubber bodied jigs of about 1/8 or 1/16-ounce often work
Other good crappie lures include small spinners and spoons, small minnow-like plugs, and rubber bodied, safety pin spinners.
The flyrodder is at a disadvantage in most crappie fishing situations, since the fish hang out in water just a bit too deep for him to work effectively. At times, how ever, schools of crappie gang up on hatching mayflies or other insects, and the angler with the big stick can really clean up.
Crappies spawn earlier than bluegill, so fishing activity on their beds might be past by now. They nest in colonies in up to 8 feet of water. These are often in stump-filled bays, near brushpiles, at inlets, or around cover of any sort, usually too deep to be visible.
If the crappies are off their beds but the water is still cool (less than 72 degrees), they will be roaming the lake after food. They usually come to shore in late after noon and dusk to feed, and can be taken on flyrod or with shallow-running artificials.
When hot weather comes, crappies head for deep water, and fishing for them gets a bit tougher. But, resourceful fishermen can score even then.
One trick involves a gas lantern, a boat or dock with deep water nearby, and a warm, still, "buggy" summer evening. The lantern is hung out over the water at dusk and left there until it draws a big crowd of bugs. These insects attract (Continued on page 48)
Reducing costs, upping yields and wildlife come from "natural" methods
THE NEW FARMING
Photograph by Lou ElIN SPITE OF economic hardships and drought conditions that affected many Nebraska farmers and ranchers this past year, four farmers from just north and west of Valley, Nebraska are sitting back with smiling, contented faces. They are Deland Val Akerlund, K. C. Livermore and Ray Rolfs. If you ask them why, they will answer: "We ought to be happy; we've had another prosper ous year".
That's pretty hard for any Nebraskan to believe after experiencing those hot, dry July days last summer. It was one of those hot, dry days that Conservation Officer Dick Wilson from Omaha and I were returning from a Hunter Safety instructor workshop at Fremont. As we drove through Valley, Dick asked if I'd like to see an organic farm. Not knowing exactly what he meant by organic, I expressed interest.
After arriving at the Del and Val Akerlund's farm and talking with them for a short time, I realized that here were some of the most progressive farmers in the state. Their operation consists of 670 acres of cropland, 90 acres of pasture, and when the markets are good, between 750 and 1,000 head of cattle.
Yet these farmers are different. After years of using herbicides, insecticides, pesticides and synthetic fertilizers and being the first farmers in the area to use them, they had changed back to natural farming.
When I asked why, Del's face grew serious as he explained it really wasn't much of a choice. "Our fields," he explained, "were developing sore spots; blight areas that were completely bare of plant life. In addition, we were limited in the crops we could grow and were afraid someday we might not even be able to raise corn. These facts, plus seeing wildlife disappearing from our land, made us aware of the need for changing.
"However, we were not the only farmers in the area to go back to natural farming," commented Del. "K. C. Livermore on the neighboring 160-acre farm to the east, and Ray Rolfs on the 300-acre farm to the west, also farm naturally. We all changed over at the same time."
Looking over the farm, it was apparent that this farming operation was quite different from most others in the state. One of the biggest differences was the growing of green manure crops such as sweet and red clover. When Del plants his wheat or oats crops, he also seeds sweet and red clover. When the oats or wheat are combined in July, the cover is left standing until the following spring. According to Del, the use of green manure crops benefits his operation tremendously by adding available nitrogen to the soil for next year's crop. In addition, the sweet and red clover lessen the drying effect of the wind on the soil, gives protection to the soil from wind and water erosion and adds organic matter to the soil to increase its water-holding capacity. "A further benefit," Del added, "is that red and sweet clover provides excellent nesting and roosting cover for game and non-game animals. When combining the oats this year, my brother Val had a heck of a time finishing the last round in the field, due to the large number of pheasants that were flushing. This demonstrates that intensive agricultural production and wildlife are not necessarily in compatible", Del added.
Another common practice used is the rotation of crops. Corn, soybeans, wheat and oats are rotated annually to eliminate the need for using insecticides and pesticides in controlling insect and plant diseases such as corn borer, corn rootworm and smut. "It almost seems unbelievable that we don't have insect and plant disease problems", said Del. "Problems like these just seem to take care of them selves".
As we pulled up to the newly constructed cattle shed, Del pointed out one of his most valuable products animal manure. "Nothing goes to waste on this farm", explained Val. "Animal manure is one of our main fertilizers. It adds organic matter and plant nutrients to the soil when applied properly. All too often, he accused, "animal wastes are left unutilized in feedlots, many times becoming a pollution problem to our lakes, streams and underground water supplies at a later date."
Crop yields were good this past year on these Valley farmers' land. A large percentage of the unirrigated corn went over 100 bushels to the acre on the K. C. Livermore farm. Del reported soybean yields as high as 47 bushels to the acre on some fields, with an average, overall yield of somewhere around 40 bushels.
"Yes", Dei added, "it's been a good year. One of the main things we owe it to is the use of conservation practices such as green manure crops and crop rotations. In addition, we do take soil tests and add liquid fish fertilizer,
For three years after giving
up chemicals and returning to
natural or organic farming,
yields were lower. Then, they
jumped back, and, at a great
savings. Even after drought,
all crops provided "good year"
Photos by Ben Schole
soft phosphates, colloidal clays and granite dust as recommended. Our final ingredient is the seed energizer which gives our seed stock a higher germination, and the resulting plants a more uniform root development".
Crop yields on these farmers' land the first three years after going into the program were less than when they farmed chemically. Del, however, felt that their expenses per acre were less during this period, which would off set the yield difference. Then, after three years, their crop yields bounced back to being just as good as before, and in many cases greater than before. Yet, Del indicated that their costs of production were reduced by more than 50 percent.
These individuals have found, since changing back to natural farming, that the total land they need to farm to make a living has been reduced. During an era when more young people are wanting to return to the farm and when agricultural production needs to remain on the family farm basis, these individuals feel that natural farming may provide the solution. Since K. C. Livermore switched back to natural farming, he indicated his net income has been greater from farming 160 acres than when he originally farmed 800 acres, due to a reduction in his chemical fertilizer bill and labor costs.
Since returning to natural farming, other benefits continuously become apparent. For example, this year Del pointed out a volunteer stand of hairy vetch started in his corn fields after the last cultivation. He now plans to leave the vetch standing till next
One thing about using legumes to put nitrogen in the soil is that you don't develop nitrate problems in your groundwater, said Del. The use of green manure crops may be the answer to some of our high nitrate levels, such as in the Grand Island area.
Another benefit that went unnoticed when they first went into natural farm ing was the discontinuance of water puddling on their soils after hard rains. "During the spring, many times we have three-inch rains right after plant ing. Before going back to natural farming, our fields would have water standing all over them. Since going into this program, none of those water spots have remained. Just another benefit we never thought we would have," said Del.
In addition, the food quality of the crops produced on their lands has increased. The Akerlunds claim they can finish cattle on 10 to 15 percent less feed when feeding organically grown crops. "This," Del said, "emphasizes that the quality of foods, whether fed to livestock or directly to man, is just as important as quantity."
Disease problems with livestock have also been reduced. Veterinarian bills have dropped to almost nothing since going back to natural farming. K. C. Livermore stated that the last time his veterinarian saw him, he asked who was doing all his veterinarian work.
All three farmers are enrolled in the Nebraska Game and Parks Commis sion's Acres for Wildlife program. As a result, certain areas are now set aside for wildlife. These areas are not
Their attitude toward the land has also changed. They regard their land as a total biotic community which includes the soil, water, and the plants and animals that live there. These individuals do not regard the soil as dead, but as living matter that must be treated with care. Earthworms, nitrogen-fixing bacteria and other soil micro-organisms are as important to them as their farm equipment. Wild life is now considered as an indicator species on the quality of the environment they have on their farms.
Aldo Leopold, the father of modern day wildlife management, stated that conservation is a state of harmony be tween man and the land. Based on this definition, Del Akerlund, Val Akerlund, Kenneth C. Livermore and Ray Rolfs are examples of true conservationists. Their farming operations demonstrate a willingness to give up the title, "Conqueror of their environment," to become a member of the environment, willing to work for the benefit of all living things.
These men have deep feelings of respect, admiration and individual responsibility for the health of the land they live on, and have set an example, which, if followed statewide, would solve many and possibly all of our environmental problems.
HARTSUFF CENTENNIAL
(Continued from page 16)on Abandoned Military Posts (CAMP), who wandered by later, that group had already toured the Loup Valley, taking in the Camp Ruggles site where United States soldiers were in cantonment before the establishment of Hartsuff. In addition, he said, they had investigated some battle sites, including the Battle of the Blow-out where three soldiers stationed at Hartsuff had won Medals of Honor.
Mike then filled me in on the details of the camp-out on Friday night, when many of the buckskinners had arrived. Mostly, he said, it was just relaxing and catching up on what other muzzle-loaders had been doing since the last shoot.
It was a motley crew around the big campfire that night, he said. Some of the families were staying in tipis, some in tents of more modern design. There were pickups with camper shells and all man ner of vehicles and lean-tos. There were complete buckskin outfits, carefully beaded and stitched; there were fur caps and Indian blankets; and medicine charms.
"I even lost my girl friend," Mike added.
"There were so many people milling around, I just couldn't keep track of her." "There are a couple of guitars around," Mike said, knowing I was learning to play one, "and a dulcimer, too. There should be a little pickin' and grinnin' later."
There was a little pickin' and singin' later, and a lot of talk. There was talk about muzzle-loading and building guns, the state of the world, and the number of stars to be seen at Fort Hartsuff as opposed to Omaha or Lincoln. There was laughing and joking, and even a tomahawk throw ing contest.
As night waned and a heavy dew set tled, the camp gradually became quieter. The next thing I remember is glancing out the back of my pickup to see the sun gild ing the 13 poles of each of 4 tipis....
Lindsay had stored up his surprises for Sunday, in the midst of the muzzle-load ing competition, an old prospector, Ray Eisle (from northwest of Hastings), was
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44
suddenly there on the parade grounds. Nobody had seen where he came from or when. He looked like he had trudged the Loup River Valley since the original construction workers mixed the first batch of grout to build the post. His burro was loaded with gear that looked well used.
"Sarge" Buck Newbury of Burwell was part of the welcoming crew, too. He wore garb typical of the Army in the 1870s, in cluding such careful details as pipe, suspenders and boots which, he said, were worn by the Indian stunt man in "One eyed jacks." "They may not be regulation," he said, "but the troopers wore pretty much what they could get—including some Indian gear."
Sarge's horse was equipped with a regulation McClellan saddle and U.S. bridle. There were some problems with the horse, though, according to Sarge. During the summer, he said, there were a number of County Day celebrations on Sunday after noons. On those days, the residents of one of the surrounding counties were especial ly invited to tour the fort and listen to speeches and so on.
"Anyway," he continued, "I was forcibly dismounted one Sunday. Proves that it may take a good horse to throw me — but it shore don't take him long. You really missed a lot of fun by not coming every Sunday," he added. "Lindsay sure knows how to give a party!"
But things were just beginning to happen. Through tremendous community cooperation, Lindsay had arranged to bring the First Infantry Division Band from Fort Riley, Kansas. It seems that the band's wages for playing at the fort consisted of a lunch for the 40-man group. That's when the Elyria Lion's Club stepped in to prepare and serve the food. The Ord Chamber of Commerce came through with donations to purchase supplies. The "spread" ended up serving the band, the muzzle-loaders, and Game Commission personnel who were participating in one way or another.
In return, the band offered a further bit of authenticity with a concert on the lawn by the officers' quarters. A special feature of the concert was the songs of the Army during the Indian War period on the plains-such songs as Custer's "Carry Owen."
The attendance of some 1,000 to 1,500 people from surrounding communities was legitimate, too, according to superintendent Lindsay. The number may be large, he said, but the fort previously served as a kind of gathering place for surrounding homesteaders. "After all," he asked, "how many places were there to have dances and such nearby?"
Flying of the colors had special significance, and was embellished with the firing of a Civil War cannon. As the smoke cleared, the national anthem and flag raising kicked off the afternoon's formal
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program with the combined VFW-Legion color guard from Ord, Burwell, Taylor, Dannebrog and Scotia.
To bring perspective to the visions guests were seeing, and to interpret their part in the past and present, Dr. Phil Holmgren of Kearney State College gave the keynote address. Fred Greguras awarded Willard Barbee, director of the Game and Parks Commission, a plaque for the agency's interpretation and preservation of military history at Fort Hartsuff as well as other military forts under its care.
Martin "Buzz" Schritt, Jr. of Grand Island carried away all the buckskinner's honors during the program as overall aggregate winner for the two-day, statewide muzzle-loading shoot. He had already taken first place in the men's pistol competition and third in men's rifle.
A gunsmith of the "old school," Schritt had made the weapon that won him first prize. His attention to detail and crafts manship also won him the "Buckskinner Award." That prize is given by the muzzle loaders for the most authentic costume portraying the free trapper in the central United States during the 1800s.
Muzzle-loading demonstrations and general touring followed the program. The event ended the season at Fort Hart suff, but the post was open for viewing through the winter. According to Roye Lindsay, summer will bring more festivities and programs to the fort; programs to help bring an important part of Nebraska history back to life for the descend ants of those pioneering people who set tled the state.
BIG BASS: SURVEY TIPS
(Continued horn page 7)fishermen found even fewer takers among the heavyweight clan, and took 12 of the total of 31 bass on plastic worms. Top water lures took six and other lures such as spinner baits, spinners and divers took two or three each. Bait did poorly this month, with just one bass falling to a minnow.
In August, plastic worms and spinner baits accounted for nearly half of the 37 caught. Topwater lures took six, diving plugs three and frogs and worms two each.
The September catch dropped even more, probably due to a lack of fishing pressure more than anything else. Fisher men took 11 of 26 tackle-busters on spin ner baits, four on spinners, three on diving plugs and two each on floaters and plastic worms. Live frogs accounted for two fish while minnows took one.
October fishermen claimed eight lunkers on spinner baits, six on plastic worms, four on spinners, two on diving
JUNE 1975 Wildlife PORTFOLIOS No. 1 $5 per set plus sales tax Readers asked for them. So, here they are! Full-color reproductions of Bud Pritchard's wildlife art. The 8V2 x 11 pictures are printed on high quality, 11 V2 by 15 paper suitable for framing or decoupage. Portfolio No. 1 features selections from Bud's popular winter songbird series. No. 2 includes six of his favorites from the Fauna series. Both sets are sent in attractive presentation folders. by C.G. "Bud" Pritchard Please send me set(s) of Bud Pritchard's wildlife prints as indi- cated below. I have enclosed $5 per set plus sales tax. set(s) of Portfolio No. 1 set(s) of Portfolio No. 2 Send order to: Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, P.O. Box 30370, Lincoln, Nebraska 68503 Name Street City State Zip Amount enclosed (Send check or money order. No cash, please.) 47
plugs and three on live minnows.
A few November fishermen braved the cool waters and took nine fish; three on spinners, three on spinner baits and two on plastic worms.
Just in case anyone is interested, 64 of the bass weighed 6 pounds, 8 ounces or more. The biggest bass was taken April 18 from a sandpit in Dawson County. It weighed 8 pounds, 8 ounces and was caught on a jointed artificial minnow lure.
Most of these heavyweights were dredged from farmponds and sandpits across the state. Again, most were caught during April and May. Many were probably females, heavy with eggs prior to spawning.
At least 15 were caught on spinner baits, 11 on spinners, 9 on plastic worms, 6 on diving lures and 5 on surface lures. Four were taken on bait —three on worms or nlghtcrawlers. In addition, 14 anglers chose not to reveal their secret lures or bait.
But, you say, how can I as a fisherman, interpret these figures? Well, if you want to catch a big bass, your chances probably would be better in April and May before
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During the summer months of June, July and August, fish early and late in the day. Concentrate then on farm ponds and sandpits; this is where most of the warm weather heavyweights came from. Use plastic worms, diving lures and topwater plugs such as poppers.
In September and October, don't put away the fishing tackle just because your buddy does. The fish are still active, but changing water temperatures may slow them down some.
Again, fish farm ponds and sandpits. Fishing in the Salt Valley and Red Willow should improve as the summer crowds disperse. Don't get discouraged if you are the only one on the lake; serious bass fishermen seldom are. Fishing should improve on spinner baits, spinners and plastic worms. Bait fishing should improve also, especially with minnows.
Just remember that none of these are guaranteed methods for taking big bass consistently. I'm sure even the 292 anglers who took big bass last year will be the first to agree. As the old saw goes: "You can't fool all of the people all of the time." That also applies to Mr. Bass.
If you're persistent enough, use the proper techniques and hold your mouth right, maybe you'll get lucky and catch a whopper. He's out there waiting; 292 fish ermen can't all be wrong.
FISHING... ENJOYING SPORT
(Continued from page 37)crappie by the bushel, and a fisherman working the water below the light with minnow or jig can often load a stringer.
There are probably dozens of other tricks for catching bluegills and crappies, and some of the less common Nebraska panfish like yellow perch and rock bass might respond to a few different wrinkles.
But, whatever the species or locale, the
Nebraska's panfish are abundant, easy to catch, and always close to home. By now, it's apparent that they're tailor-made for the young angler, or any beginner for that matter. They're almost always willing to bite, and while they won't tolerate excessive commotion on shore or in the boat, they can be remarkably forgiving if the beginner lacks finesse in his fishing techniques.
All this, of course, makes it easy for youngsters to stay interested. And, should dad have to run his stretch in the rat race some fine summer day, junior is still most likely within tennis shoe or 10-speed range of a panfish pond that he can try on his own.
Of course, bluegill, crappie, rock bass, perch and the other panfish are not just for oldtimers and kids. The died-in-the wool bass man, the pike fisherman, and even walleye freaks ought to devote some of their time to panfish. For one thing, it's in their own best interests.
In order to have good populations of game fish in a lake, there has to be effective control on the panfish populations. All of these species are extremely prolific and can overpopulate a lake in pretty short order unless they are thinned heavily and often. The result of a panfish population explosion is a lake full of hordes of fish too small to be of use to anyone. They prey on the spawn of game fish, and dominate the food that any surviving game-fish fry need to survive and grow.
The most efficient harvester of panfish is a good population of game fish (bass, pike, etc.). By leaving these predatory fish unmolested on a few of his outings each year, the angler who likes to go after the bigger game fish is giving his lake's ecology a boost in the right direction. The game fish he would have caught on those days remain in the lake, happily gulping down the smaller panfish, and he helps keep the lid on panfish overpopulation by removing a few himself.
Of course, the real reason the "big time" fisherman should try panfishing is to tune back in on the simple pleasures of his sport. An afternoon or two spent on panfish water, doing little more than watching a bobber and listening to the wind blow and his beard grow, should help anglers put their fishing priorities back into perspective.
Then, perhaps, more of our fishermen will view their sport in its broadest and most esthetic light; not just as a race to catch more and bigger fish regardless of the cost or black-box gadgetry involved. After all, fishing's always good. Catching fish just makes it a little better, but that isn't all there is to the sport.
Trading Post
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Classified Ads: 20 cents a word, minimum or der $4.00. July 1975 closing date, May 8. Send classified ads to: Trading Post, NEBRASKAland, 2200 N. 33rd St., Lincoln, Nebraska 68503, P.O. Box 30370.
DOGSTRAINING—Gun dog training, retrievers and bird dogs. Dogs worked on pen-raised and wild birds; ducks for retrievers. Pointer pups for sale. Con crete runs, best of feed and care. Platte Valley Kennels, 925 E. Capitol Ave. Grand Island, Ne braska 68801 (308) 382-9126.
MISCELLANEOUSCANOE THE NIOBRARA1 3 tours daily. Overnight canoe, camping, and backpack trips available. Family and group rates. Write: Niobrara Canyon Canoe Tours, Inc. Box 654 Valentine, Nebraska 69201
CENTRAL Ontario—Choice 640 acre sportsmen's paradise still available—$20.00 plus $6.50 taxes yearly. Maps, pictures, $2.00 (refundable). In formation Bureau, Norval 70, Ontario, Canada.
LAKE McConaughy, MacKenzie Subdivision. Lots for sale on south side. Owner will finance. Box 224, Brule, Nebraska 69127.
TROUT for stocking your pond. All sizes available. Order now for spring delivery. Write: Fish, Inc., Box 7N, Lyman, Nebraska 69352.
PREPARE for driver's test. 100 questions and answers based on the latest Nebraska driver's manual. $1.75. W. Keenan, Box 295, Fairbury, Nebraska 68352.
MOSQUITO FISH —Control mosquitoes with no spraying. Lives in nearly any water. Limited sup ply available for 1975. Approved by Game and Fish and Health Departments. Write Fish, Inc., Box 7N, Lyman, Nebraska 69352.
FISH FOR SALE: Channel Catfish, Largemouth Bass, Bluegill, Rainbow Trout and minnows for pond and lake stocking. Contact the Pleasant Valley Fish Farm, Route 1, McCook, Nebraska 69001. Phone 308-345-6599.
BROWNING Trap & Skeet; Pre-64 Winchester Model 12s; over 500 new and used guns. Year's subscription (8 lists) $2. Write-stop-call. Ph. 402 729-2888. Bedlan's Sporting Goods, Fairbury, Ne braska 68352.
LOG CABIN, rustic furniture building instructions. 304 pages . . . illustrated!! Satisfaction guaranteed. $3.95 postpaid. Glenn Smith Enterprises, Box 1513, Dept. 93, Akron, Ohio 44309.
WANTED — JACOBS WIND GENERATORS: Com plete or parts, top price paid, write description, condition and price asked to Don Mayer, Crafts bury Common, Vermont 05827.
FAIRFIELD; CAMPGROUNDS—Save energy, spend your vacation in Nebraska—camping, hiking, trail rides, canoeing. We can help with equipment. Canoe rental, car shuttle your canoes, river in formation. Located along Niobrara River on Norden Road, Reservations helpful. The Kuhre's, Johnstown, Nebraska 69214. Fhone 402-387-1521 Evenings.
DUCK HUNTERS: Learn how, make quality, solid plastic, waterfowl decoys. We're originators of famous system. Send $.50, colorful catalog. Decoys Unlimited, Clinton, Iowa 52732.
QUALITY NIOBRARA RIVER CANOE - CAMPING TRIPS with Wilson Outfitters, Nebraska's most established float company. Other rivers, too. Four year 100% safety record! Complete commercial liability insurance program and consumable prod ucts insurance on food service. Total package concept including accommodations en route to river. Group sizes 12-55 persons. Carefully timed, well balanced trips. Chuck wagon cuisine with 16-ounce ribeye steaks and^ce cream! Complete food service. High standards of cleanliness and safety. Best sanitation facilities and practices on the river! Magnificent equipment. Personable, experienced guides. Write for brochure and trip description. Wilson Outfitters, 5211 Sunrise Road, Lincoln Nebraska 68510.
TAXIDERMYBIG Bear Taxidermy, Rt. 2, Mitchell, Nebraska 69357. We specialize in all big game from Alaska to Nebraska, also birds and fish. Hair on and hair off tanning. 4V miles west of Scottsbluff on High way 26. Phone (308) 635-3013.
TAXIDERMY work—big game heads, fish-and-bird mounting; rug making, hide tanning, 36 years ex perience. Visitors welcome. Floyd Houser, Suther land, Nebraska 69165. Phone (308) 386-4780.
TAXIDERMY—Have your child's first fish mounted. Also will do birds and deer heads. Rod Mach 1220 So. 99 Street, Omaha, Nebraska 68124. Phone (402) 393-8847.
KARL Schwarz Master Taxidermists. Mounting of game heads — birds — fish — animals — fur rugs — robes — tanning buckskin. Since 1910. 424 South 13th Street, Dept. A., Omaha, Nebraska 68102.
NOTES ON NEBRASKA FAUNA... LONG-TAILED WEASEL
Art by Neal AndersonSOMETHING has killed my chickens! This is an outcry that anyone from a farm where there are chickens has either heard or said himself. Close inspection of the dead chickens, which could be numerous, might reveal the presence of two punctures at the base of the skulls made by sharp canine teeth. The chickens may also be devoid of most of their blood. These characteristics indicate that a weasel has been at work. More specifically, the work of the long-tailed weasel, Mustela frenata.
The long-tailed weasel is a slender, long-bodied mammal with short legs and a tail about one-half the length of the head and body. It weighs about 2!/2 to 9!6 ounces, with a length from 11V2 to MV2 inches. The head is small, flattened, and only slightly larger in diameter than the long neck. The ears are short and rounded. The small eyes are beady.
In summer, adults are dark chocolate brown on the upperparts and yel lowish-white on the underparts. The tail is brown except for the terminal 1/3 or 1/4, which is black. In the northern part of Nebraska, the winter coat of this weasel is white, with a black tipped tail. The winter coat of individuals found south of the Platte River is normally brown, but paler than that of summer. In the fall during molt, individuals may have a mottled appearance of brown and white.
The species range clear across the North American continent, and from southern Canada into South America. It occurs throughout Nebraska and may at times appear to be quite numerous. This weasel will live in a variety of habitats but prefers wood lands, thickets and brushy fencerows near available drinking water. Their home is a shallow burrow which was usually the former abode of a ground squirrel or mouse. They may also live in rock piles or under roots of trees. Inside the burrow they construct a nest of mouse and rabbit fur, grass, and sometimes feathers. Usually a cache of food or a pile of discarded bones is located within the burrow.
Long-tailed weasels mate in late summer but the young are not born until the following April or May. The total gestation period varies from 205 and 337 days. The single annual litter contains from 1 to 12 young but is normally between 5 and 8. At birth the young are blind, toothless, pink, wrinkled and practically naked. By 3 weeks of age their teeth begin to appear and they start to eat meat brought to them by their mother. Their eyes open at about 5 weeks of age and weaning begins. After weaning, the young leave the nest and become in dependent of their mother.
In spite of their small size, weasels are extremely aggressive and fearless and may attack animals much larger than themselves. In stalking its prey, a weasel waves its head from side to side in an effort to detect a scent. The kill is made by a bite at the back of the neck which usually severs the jugular vein.
Long-tailed weasels eat animal food entirely, preferring their prey alive. As long as rodents are available, they are eaten almost exclusively. Major food items include mice, rats, squirrels, chipmunks, moles, shrews and rabbits. On occasion small birds, bird's eggs, earthworms, and some insects are eaten. After a victim is killed, the blood may be licked at the wound but it is not sucked as is commonly believed.
Weasels are voracious predators and often kill more than they can eat. This excessive harvest usually takes place in the spring when the young are being fed, and again in the fall. Unfortunately, this will sometimes occur in a chicken yard. It would seem likely that under the stress of finding food for their young, mother weasels were looking for the easiest kind of prey. Once the first kill is made, the weasel finds out how very easy it is. However, not all weasels kill chickens. In fact, weasels may be an asset to the poultry yard since they are often a prin cipal factor in helping to check rat populations. A single rat has been known to kill 190 chicks in a single night.
In spite of their ferocity, weasels are also often victims. Most common predators include foxes, coyotes, do mestic cats, hawks, owls and man.
Weasel fur is soft, durable, and is of some value in the fur market, where it is used in making fur coats or in trimming cloth wearing apparel. The estimated harvest by licensed Nebraska trappers in the 1972-73 season was 130 animals, which were sold at an average price of $1.04 per pelt. The total take by man is doubtless larger, because many weasels are destroyed by people who condemn him as a poultry or game-animal killer. However, it is a desirable citizen under most circumstances, and should be appreciated as an integral part of our wildlife scene.
The original painting of the long-tailed weasel was done by a Nebraska artist specializing in game animals. For information about art on a commission basis, contact: Neal Anderson, c/o NEBRASKAland, Lincoln, Nebr. 68503
