THIS BOATING BUSINESS

NEBRASKAland Special State s weekend admirals have five million dollars afloat and more on the way

ALREADY A husky young economic giant, the boating business in NEBRASKAland is growing ever bigger with the end nowhere in sight. More and more residents are turning to the state's fascinating waterways for their outdoor recreation and spending real folding money in the process.

Tax records show that Nebraskans have $2,707,279 invested in their boats. But the outlay doesn't end there. The state's weekend sailors have dug into their jeans for $2,324,415 for motors. Add these amounts to the sums spent for accessories, registrations, services, and other related items and boating becomes big business in anybody's league.

Statistics compiled by the Outdoor Boating Club of America reveal that the average boat owner has $597 invested in his craft. He owns an outboard worth $458, and a trailer costing $228. Besides MARCH, 1964 3   the initial cost of equipment and its operation, the small boat skipper spends $54.76 for annual maintenance of his craft.

In 1963, 18,000 motorboats were registered in Nebraska. They range from ancient John boats with one-lung kickers to elaborate cabin cruisers. In the three-year period from 1960 to the end of 1963, the Game Commission registered 3,000 additional craft, most of them brand new rigs.

Nebraska's registration fees are based on horsepower and boat size with a minimum fee of $1 and a maximum of $20. Each manufacturer and dealer pays a flat $3 fee for each demonstrator. The Game Commission averages $2.97 for each registration. This amount is used for salaries, law enforcement, and the development and improvement of boating water for the state's growing navy of small boat owners.

The state's tax coffers are sweetened with personal property levies, trailer licenses, and the gasoline tax. Even the federal government laps at the green gravy with excise and fuel taxes. The average outboarder burns 172 gallons of gasoline during the boating season. He travels about 44 miles to reach his favorite lake or river to spend 55 hours on the water.

There's hardly a member of the economic community who does not benefit from the growing popularity of boating. Manufacturers and dealers are chalking up sales at a healthy clip. There is a growing tendency of many boat owners to up-grade their equipment with larger craft and bigger motors. Others are purchasing a second boat. Trailer makers and dealers are also climbing the money tree and shaking it hard.

Fuel dealers, service facilities, restaurant and motel operators are finding plenty of customers among the state's weekend sailors, especially where suitable boating water is available. Tackle makers and bait dealers are doing quite well supplying the needs of boat-owning anglers.

Several factors are responsible for the upsurge in pleasure boating. The rising standard of living with its increase in income, aided by the shorter work week, is a definite influence on boating popularity. Financial institutions are accepting paper on boats and motors, making it easier for the average Joe to buy a fully equipped craft and enjoy it while paying off his obligation. Nebraska's improving fishing and growing spread of reservoirs and impoundments are influencing the state's boating boom.

Water skiing, skin diving, and exploratory cruising are encouraging the interest in boating. The popularity of water skiing is one of the growing factors in the swing toward more powerful motors. Dealers report that prospective purchasers are eying the 75 horsepower kickers.

Nebraska admirals have an almost infinite selection of boats and motors to satisfy their desires. The 14 and 16-foot crafts are the most popular at the present time but dealers report a discernible trend toward larger boats. Our inland commodores show a preference for the almost indestructible "glass" boat. Metal-made outfits come in second and the wood last in the popularity parade.

Outboards range from small putt-putts for trolling and lazy cruising to huge twin jobs that rev out 150 4 OUTDOOR NEBRASKAIond horses or more. Anglers show more interest in the smaller outboards while the pleasure boater and water ski fan leans toward plenty of get up and go on the transom. Fishermen are still the leading purchasers of boats, but the weekend commodore and his classy Jack-of-all-trades run-about is closing the gap at a very rapid pace.

THIS BOATING BUSINESS continued

The future of boating in Nebraska is bright. The development of suitable boating water in eastern Nebraska is opening up booming markets in Omaha and Lincoln. Better highways and easy access are leading more and more of the state's boating buffs to a summer full of fun on the state's sparkling waterways. Why not join them?

THE END MARCH, 1964 5

THE RUNABOUTS

BRACING HIMSELF for the shock, the water skier cuts across the wake of the purring outboard, cuts sharply to the left, then drops the tow rope and glides slowly toward the sandy beach at Lake McConaughy. At the other end of the state, a family drinks in the towering beauty of Lewis and Clark's sheer bluffs as they cruise leisurely around the lake. A Sand Hills rancher leans over the transom of his boat on Smith Lake to pull in a northern.

Besides being a part of NEBRASKAland's boating boom, this trio of boat owners has something else in common. They get their enjoyment in the same type of craft, a runabout.

Runabouts, by far, make up the largest single class of recreation boats. Essentially, a runabout is any motor-powered boat that isn't either a small and simple rowboat or a lavishly-furnished cabin cruiser. They come in all sizes and shapes, powered with anything from an 18-horsepower motor up to twin stern-drive power plants kicking out over 300 horses each.

MARCH, 1964 7   THE RUNABOUTS continued 8 OUTDOOR NEBRASKAland

Boasting an array of talents, the runabout makes up more than half of the estimated eight million registered boats in the country. You can fish from one, use it for water skiing, take the family for an afternoon's cruise on the Missouri River, and even sleep overnight in it.

Whether you're buying your first boat or trading up to a larger model, there are a number of factors to be considered. These include water conditions, load demands, and principal use. Whether the boat is to be moored at a dock all summer or trailered from one body of water to another is also important.

Probably the first consideration should be the water conditions where your craft will be used most frequently. Big water, big boat; little water, small boat is a good rule of thumb to follow. Lakes like McConaughy and Lewis and Clark call for outfits with high freeboard to take rough water. Freeboard should be highest where it will do the most good in keeping out water. In a displacement boat this would be at the bow and stern. The planing hull should have this added height amidships where spray is often thrown in.

It's no fun leaving half the family stranded on shore because you goofed and bought a boat that's too small. There's no magic formula to determine the amount of room needed. Boats of the same length can vary in carrying capacity, so tell the salesman how many passengers you plan on carrying when selecting a particular model. Remember that kids like to move around, so don't skimp on size if you can help it. It's better to have too much room than not enough.

Besides passengers, every boat will be carrying anything from a thermos to skiing equipment. Unless the craft is used only for short jaunts around a small lake, there will usually be a lot of equipment on board. Many New modelsnow come with built-in storage facilities. Some of the fancier runabouts even have space for stoves and portable refrigerators.

MARCH, 1964 9   THE RUNABOUTS continued 10

Your boat isn't going to do you much good without a motor. Here, too, there's a great variety to choose from. Outboard motors range from models of slightly over one to 100 horsepower. Anything under 18 horsepower is usually wasted on a runabout. Fitting the motor to the boat is no problem. Dealers have charts showing the recommended number of horses for each individual boat under a variety of uses. They can even tell you the best propeller to use for cruising, water skiing, or fishing.

The old starting rope has all but disappeared from the larger outboard motors. Nearly all of 30 horsepower and above have electric starters, and many smaller models can be easily converted.

In motors of from 18 to 30 horsepower, the outboarder can expect to be able to troll at slow speeds and yet have enough push for towing one water skier. It can induce brisk speeds from good-sized runabouts and is compact enough to be transported by car.

With motors up to 90 horsepower, you enter a different category. Here are your general-purpose engines. They plane any boat and pull several water skiers. These outboards are available with electric starters and remote controls. Some are built with long shaft lower units to accommodate the larger runabouts. Outboards over 75 horsepower are available for all-purpose boating. These motors are just what the doctor ordered for really big water but have only limited appeal in Nebraska.

A recent innovation is the stern-drive power plant. It offers the fuel savings of an inboard engine with the simplicity and ease of repair of an outboard. The engine is mounted in the boat with the lower unit projecting out of the stern like an outboard. Underwater obstructions won't hurt the rig since (continued on page 41)

MARCH, 1964 11

SKI BOATS

by J. Greg Smith

IF THE boat-buying bug has bitten you as it has thousands of outdoor loving NEBRASKAlanders, you're probably toying with the idea of trying your luck at the most fascinating of sports—water skiing. And no wonder. The thrill of skimming along with only a pair of slats between you and the wet stuff is hard to beat in any league.

Admittedly, skiing isn't for the man who likes to lazy back in the cushioned comfort of a cabin cruiser and watch the scene go by. This is a participation sport all of the way, participation by the entire family. Everyone from grandpa to the small fry can get up on a pair of skis with just a lesson or two. And once they do, you'll have a hard time getting your turn at the rope.

You won't be going anywhere until you get a boat. But selecting the right model is the easiest job of all. Manufacturers have a host of rigs that will do the job. Anything from a 15-foot outboard to the classiest of inboards is yours for the choosing.

When buying a boat for skiing, look for a rig that is open-decked and boasts a broad stern design. The open deck saves weight for higher speed and provides more room. The broad stern not only gives you more lugging ability but cuts down on slippage on tight turns.

Go-power bears serious consideration. A motor with too few horses will cause nothing but misery. Look at those models that will get your rig up to the 20-mile-per-hour clip. It should have enough power and torque to move boat and skier up on plane in quick order. One well-powered motor should do the trick at first. Once skiing becomes a family affair and you're ready to pull a pair of skiers or more, add a twin to your first motor or trade it in on a real power job. Just make sure, however, that you don't get more motor than your boat can safely handle.

The next step along the line of becoming a water skier is the purchase of skis. Don't look at any of the MARCH, 1964 13   Fancy Dan stuff for now. Learn the ropes with a standard pair before you begin considering a slalom ski or a pair of trick slats.

SKI BOATS continued

One pair of skis isn't going to suffice for'the entire family. If they're too large for one of the clan, they'll cause him physical strain. Too small a pair will give the big man fits getting up on the water. A good rule of thumb is to get skis large enough to handle the weight of the user, but no larger.

If you happen to be weak-kneed or have a bad back, there's no reason why you should be relegated to the task of bus driver. A variety of aquaplane rigs are available, including Ski Bronc made in Lincoln, that allow you to sit in a saddle and swish over the water to your heart's content. An aquaplane outfit will add a lot of fun to any family outing.

Don't try to economize when it comes to getting the right kind of tow rope. Those made with buoyant polyethylene are best. Special attention should be given to the bridle. It should be mounted on either side of the transom around the motor. A pulley runs loosely on the bridle, and the tow rope attaches to the pulley eye. This 14 OUTDOOR NEBRASKAland arrangement allows the tow rope to move from side to side, thus maintaining even tension on turns.

Don't make the mistake of attaching the rope to a single cleat. This makes towing tension uneven. Your boat dealer will help you get rigged properly, and if you buy a boat geared specifically for skiing, this problem will normally already be solved.

At this point, you're ready to go skiing. If you get first call as tow captain, there are a couple of points you'll want to remember so that you'll give the skier a smooth ride. Once the man on slats is ready, move your boat out slowly to take up slack in the rope. When he yells, "Hit it," accelerate until partner is planing.

How about the man at the other end of the rope? Before he flashes off in a splash of glory, he'll need a couple of dry runs and some serious coaching.

Actually, learning to ski is a lot easier than you would think. Squat down on your skis on shore and extend your arms forward. Grab hold of the tow rope and have your partner pull you to an upright position. Let the rope do the work; don't push yourself with your legs or flex your elbows to get up.

Once you've gone through the dry run a couple of times, get out in shallow water and try the bit over again. This time, the boat will provide the pull power. Squat down, holding the ski tips out of the water with your toes. Hold the rope so it passes through your skis and nod to the skipper to take up slack. When the line straightens, tell him to "Hit it." Let the rope pull you up and all of a sudden you'll discover you're skiing.

Stand upright, leaning back a bit to keep your weight aft. If you're like most neophytes, you'll be leaning just the opposite direction the first couple of tries. Don't worry about taking a spill or two. Try to sit down or fall backward when you begin to tumble, and you'll be all right.

Turns are easy to execute. Just lean in the direction you want to go. Keep your knees flexed so that when you hit the wake you won't tumble. If you do fall, raise an arm or ski instantly to let the tower know you're all right. Other basic signals that you should know are "stop", cutting your hand across your throat; left or right turns, pointing in the desired direction; faster, moving hand in a lifting motion; slower, lowering hand; and the OK sign when everything is going all right for you.

Always play the game safe. Wear an approved life jacket whenever you're on skis. Don't overdo, especially when you're first getting the hang of things. It's best to start out slowly and quit early. When your muscles become toned—and they will in this exciting sport—you can ski longer.

The tow skipper should remember a couple of points to make the sport a safe one. It's best to have an observer aboard so that you can always keep track of the skier. State law requires a rear-view mirror designed so that your partner is always in view. When picking up your buddy, shut off the motor. To put the rope back in his hands, drive around him in half circle.

There is an array of prime ski areas in the state. The big reservoirs offer unlimited opportunity and many of the smaller lakes promise hours of fun. Skiing's a barrel of fun, a fast-growing sport you'll want to get in on this year.

THE END MARCH, 1964 15

ANGLER'S CHOICE

by Fred Nelson

BOATS OF one type or another have been helping men catch fish for more than 80 centuries, yet the angler is still looking for the perfect fishing craft. Unfortunately, he may never find it. Water and fishing are so diversified that no one type of boat can meet all the requirements.

Even in Nebraska, the angler will have difficulty selecting a boat that will fill the bill for all the different fishing and water conditions found here. A rig that is fine for the sheltered waters of a placid pond may not do well on the sometimes cantankerous surface of Lake McConaughy. And a craft that is suitable for bullheading on the Big Blue is seldom perfect for challenging the channel catfish of the Missouri. Ultimately, your selection depends on where and what you fish.

"Those in the know" fit craft like glove to particular fish and water

Cost is not a major factor, since prices vary widely with model and material. Most boats are honest values MARCH, 1964 17   for the investment, but a few are risks, especially if pushed beyond the manufacturer's recommendations. Today, boats are made of so many different materials that even the most discriminating buyer will be satisfied.

ANGLER'S CHOICE continued

A good fishing boat must meet certain universal requirements. It must be safe and seaworthy and rugged enough to take the pounding of water and weather. The rig should handle well with oars, paddles, poles, or motor and be portable. It should have design characteristics that make it a utilitarian craft for fishing first and other uses second.

Here in Nebraska, fishermen ply four distinct types of water. The big stuff like McConaughy, Harlan, Lewis and Clark, and the mighty Missouri requires a tough and rugged craft to cope with the ever-changing challenges of wind, wave, current, and fish populations. Plenty of seaworthiness and speed are needed.

Next, there are the quiet waters of the sluggish, winding rivers like the Big and Little Blues, the Republican, and the Nemaha. Here, the angler needs a boat that is maneuverable to wind around the bends. The rig should be slender enough to nose through the narrow channels, light enough to manhandle through the shallows, and durable enough to take the bumps of submerged snags.

Some Nebraska fishermen get their kicks on the brawling, rushing currents of the Snake, Niobrara, upper Elkhorn, and stretches of the Platte. Here, seaworthiness, ruggedness, and quick handling are prime requisites for a boat.

Finally, we have the docile impoundments. Farm ponds, irrigation dams, and Sand Hills lakes are typical. With ordinary caution, the angler can cover these waters with anything that will float and carry him and his gear.

If there is a compromise craft suitable for all these conditions, it is probably the 15-foot canoe made of canvas or aluminum. But the canoe has an undeserved reputation for instability and many fishermen shy away 18 OUTDOOR NEBRASKAland from it. Handled right, the craft is as stable as they come, as seaworthy as anything afloat, and most responsive. It has capacity for two men and a mountain of gear and can accommodate three anglers.

In a pinch, the canoe can be beached and used as temporary shelter. Minor repairs are easy and inexpensive. The boat can be adapted to an outboard and even oars can be substituted for paddles. At least one manufacturer makes a metal canoe with a square stern, specifically designed for an outboard. A canoe's buoyancy is unquestioned and its sharp bow cuts through wind and wave like the prow of a Viking ship.

Three fishing boats are popular for the big lakes and broad rivers—the flat and V-bottomed skiffs and the round-bottomed boat. There are hundreds of designs and adaptations from these three basic types. A practical size for Nebraska fishing is the 14-footer. Of the three types, the flat-bottom is the least efficient, but foot for foot, it's generally less expensive than the other types.

The flat-bottom rows hard in rough water and response is sluggish. The rig isn't the greatest with an outboard, but it's reasonably seaworthy, stable, and comfortable. It won't take the weather and wave as well as the V-bottom or the round-bottom, but is a fine craft within its limitations for average fishing conditions.

Most of the flat-bottoms feature a rugged transom for mounting outboards, but (continued on page 40)

MARCH, 1964 19

PLAY IT SAFE

Simple rules, sane precautions put neophyte skippers on a safe course

THE NEW boat owner is adrift on a strange sea. Left and right have suddenly become port and starboard. There are no traffic lights to tell him when to stop and go. Even the steering wheel is wrong. It's on the right, that is the starboard side, the opposite of where it is located on his car. It's no wonder, then, why safety has to be spelled out in capital letters for the protection of the neophyte skipper, his passengers, and the operators of other boats he encounters while under way.

Boating safety can be summed up in two words— common sense. Centuries ago man learned that water can be a fickle friend, changing from a placid pool to a raging ocean at a moment's notice. In order to cope with the sea, he adapted his thinking to make his journey as safe as possible.

The Nebraska State Boating Law, federally approved in 1960, has been adapted from laws, both written and unwritten, that have proven to be in the best interests of all over the years. They may appear to be complicated to the uninitiated, but are quite simple as your knowledge of boating increases.

One of the more important safety items is a life preserver for each person on board. It is not required that they be worn while the boat is under way, except in the case of children under 13. A jacket preserver is preferred, as it keeps a person's head up under all conditions, but an approved seat cushion is allowed. A preserver must be Coast Guard approved to be lawful. An exception to this regulation is in the belt-type preserver worn by water skiers.

You may not expect disaster—no one ever does—but being ready is being wise. It is recommended that preservers be kept readily available and in a waterproof container so that they will be in good condition.

Since the time of ancient mariners, a system of lights on board has enabled other craft to tell the general size and direction a boat is traveling at night. The success of this method brought it down to the present day.

Simply, for motorboats less than 26 feet long, regulations require a two-colored bow light, showing green on the starboard side and red on the port. This light must be visible from straight ahead to 112.5° to the side and be visible for one mile. In this way, as an example, a boat showing a green running light is known to be traveling from left to right. The opposite is true when a red light is visible.

These rigs are also required to carry a white light in the stern visible for two miles in all directions and situated higher than the bow lights. A lantern or flashlight is also necessary for emergencies.

Powerboats 26 feet long and over must carry a white light in the bow, visible straight ahead and to 10 points on each side of the vessel. Two lights just forward of midship, showing green to starboard and red to port with the same visibility requirements as those for smaller powerboats, are necessary as is the same type stern light. Since additional lights will cause confusion, no others with the exception of a spotlight for difficult navigation can be used.

Boats not used at night are not required to carry lights. Non-powered boats, such as canoes, rowboats, and rafts need only a white light that can be seen from any direction for one-half mile after dark.

In addition to the obvious equipment, each boat, whether powered or not, is required to carry a bailing can or sponge and either a pair of oars or a paddle. Both are worth their weight in uranium when you're in trouble, no matter what size rig you're operating.

Inboards are required to have a venting system to carry off fumes from bilges and fuel-tank compartments. If allowed to collect, they could cause a real

20 OUTDOOR NEBRASKAIond fireball. Although not compulsory, outboards with built-in fuel tanks would be safer with this addition.

by Dudley P. Osborn Boating Supervisor

Fire extinguishers, required on all boats except open-construction outboards under 26 feet, are an item that needs only to be used once to more than pay back its purchase price. A fire on any craft can be deadly. It spreads quickly and there is nowhere to go but overboard.

To be a really safe skipper, the operator should carry several other almost indispensable additions. These would include a first-aid kit, tool kit, anchor, boarding ladder, fenders, compass, signal flares, and emergency food and water.

Water skiing, although a part of boating, is actually a sport of its own. A skier must be in good condition, well co-ordinated, and careful. A submerged log or shallow bank can put a quick end to a day's activities. Boating regulations require that all boats pulling a water skier must be equipped with a wide-angle From pliers to prop, they're ready for anything rear-view mirror or have a responsible person as an observer.

Although registering a boat would appear to have nothing to do with safety, it is actually the backbone in safeguarding the sport. All registration fees are used exclusively for providing facilities and enforcement.

No one enjoys being swamped by a speeding boat, splashed by a careless skier, or having fish lines cut by a water cowboy. Laws protecting the majority from the antics of the few are necessary.

A branch of boating safety that is often neglected is the purity of the water. The thoughtful skipper will avoid polluting his favorite boating playground. Just as important he'll avoid mixing alcohol with boating. The end result is too often tragedy.

Being safe in a boat is no different than in other activities. It is a matter of acquiring nautical knowledge and skill, then following the rules of a game that promises years of outdoor fun.

THE END MARCH, 1964 21

NEBRASKAland's FALLING WATERS

Roaring rivers, quiet streams offer discoveries bubbling with excitement Color Photos by Gene Hornbeck and Lou Ell

FROM THE melody of a quiet stream rippling over rocky ledges to the booming thunder of a plunging river, waterfalls have an enchantment that has ever fascinated man. High or low, wide or narrow, each fall has its own mood, its own appeal, its own beauty.

Within NEBRASKAland's rolling countryside is a variety of waterfalls ready to be enjoyed. Many have been identified and located but there may be others to be discovered. Anyone with information about a waterfall should write Outdoor NEBRASKAland so that it may be included in future color spreads.

Laced by rivers, the canyon country of north central Nebraska is graced with seven picturesque falls. All are accessible to visitors, but getting to a couple will require a good guide and a durable automobile. Some are on private land and permission is required, but all are within a day's drive of Valentine. The Niobrara, Snake and Loup Rivers spawn most of the cateracts in the area.

One of the most frequently visited is Fort Falls on the Niobrara Game Refuge. The area around the falls is developed with trails and steps leading to the base of the bluff.

Nature was in the mood for miniatures when Schlagel Falls were made. The waters of Schlagel Creek spill over gentle ledges, their voices only an octave or two above silence. South of Valentine, this beauty spot is on a Sand Hills trail.

Rocky Ford is the misnomer for another falls on the Niobrara, east of Valentine. Drive through the Sand Hills and along the river to find them.

Take the paved road to the new Merritt Reservoir, southwest of Valentine, to visit famed Snake Falls. Tree-shaded and dark, the waters of the river spill over the ledges to boil and froth at the base. There is an air of mystery and foreboding about Snake Falls as though they are in league with the supernatural.

Another waterfall with the romantic name of Indian Crossing is on the Snake. Compared to Snake Falls, Indian Crossing is a happy little cateract laughing in the sunlight. It is south of Cody.

Falls Creek is the father of Smith Falls, highest yet discovered in Nebraska. They are on private property and permission is required. Local inquiry or a good topographical map will guide you there.

Almost lost in the immensity of Cherry County is the North Loup Falls but their beauty is worth the search. Leave Nenzel and work south to find them.

Eastern Nebraska contributes two falls to the list. Kenner's Ford Falls is on the North Fork of the Little Nemaha, near Lorton, the other is No-Name Falls on the North Fork of the Big Nemaha, near Tecumseh.

In looking for these beauty spots, you might find others yet unknown. Exploring the state's ever-changing scene in color will be a permanent feature in Outdoor NEBRASKAland every month.

THE END OUTDOOR NEBRASKAland        

I BROKE THREE WORLD RECORDS

The Army, Reds, and practice helped me rewrite rifle books by Gary Anderson

BECOMING A world rifle champion is no simple task. To win, you would have to put 37 or 38 of 40 shots into a bull's-eye slightly under four inches in diameter a little more than three football fields away.

If this distance seems a little far, move the target in to around 55 yards. To compensate for the target being closer, the size of the 10 ring is decreased to less than a half inch. To make the record books at this distance, you'll have to put 85 out of 120 shots in the bull.

This type of competition shooting is done with iron sights under nearly all kinds of weather and wind conditions. You're shooting against time and the best marksmen in the world. If you are beginning to suspect there is more to this than to bagging game, you're right.

To start with, the .22 rifle used in 50-meter competition resembles the conventional gun only in the size of the bullet used. A competition firearm weighs around 15 pounds, two to three times as much as the normal .22. The stock is shorter and has an adjustable hook butt plate. Also, it has a micrometer rear sight.

The hooded front sight has a spirit level to insure the rifle is canted at the correct angle. A palm rest is used to support the rifle instead of the conventional method of holding the fore end with the left hand. In addition, the barrel and receiver assembly are manufactured to extremely close tolerances.

Unless you have 20/20 or better eyesight, corrected or uncorrected, international rifle competition isn't for you. On the 50-meter range you'll be shooting at a bull's-eye that is smaller than a dime.

To get an idea of the target, prop up a dime in the end zone of a football field. Start walking back. After MARCH, 1964 31   you have crossed the 50-yard line, put a rifle with iron sights to your shoulder and look for the dime. In order to score high in international fire you will have to put nine out of 10 through this ridiculously small target.

I BROKE THREE WORLD RECORDS continued

Actually, the 50-meter target consists of concentric circles of decreasing value and has a black area of seven inches in diameter. In 300-meter competition with a 7.62 millimeter rifle, the two-foot target has a bull'seye slightly less than four inches in diameter. No matter how you look at it, the target comes up as a black circle you can barely see with the naked eye.

In attaining my goal of winning in international competition, I've had the advantage of having certain physical abilities, but I have never had competent coaching or perfect training conditions. I feel I have been able to win only because I wanted to do this above all else.

Every story has a beginning and mine started in 1956 when I was a senior at Axtell High School. I was looking for a sport in which I could excell. My time in the mile was not much under five minutes, so track was discarded as a possibility. I didn't appear to be on 32 OUTDOOR NEBRASKAland my way to being another Mickey Mantle or Y. A. Tittle, so baseball and football were dropped, too.

Since I had acquired more than a nodding acquaintance with .22 rifles over the years, this seemed a likely possibility. My dad, Roy, started me off plinking tin cans when I was nine. By the time I was 11, I had started on rabbits and from there graduated to other legal game. Every minute I could spare from my studies and chores around the farm was devoted to hunting.

I quickly found out the sport of rifle shooting wasn't exactly the easiest to learn. There's a dearth of material on the subject. By reading various magazines and the International Shooting Union rule book I gradually found out some of the things that went into rifle competition.

My first target rifle was nothing more than a conventional .22. At $200 and up for a special job, I wasn't able to learn with the proper equipment. So I taped weights to the old single shot, improvised competition sights, and started off dry firing in the house. By scaling down the target, I was able to stand in a corner of the living room and fire diagonally through the kitchen into the back room. By shooting a couple of hours a day, six days a week, I gradually built up my ability. What with all of the practice, I wore out the firing pin.

Anatoli Bogdanov of Russia, the greatest shooter in the world at that time, was my hero. I followed his performances with the same eagerness most youngsters my age devoted to Stan Musial. I might not have known whether Musial was batting .200 or .400, but I could quote all scores Bogdanov had fired in competition.

When I graduated from high school in 1957 I had two presents; a Regents scholarship from the University of Nebraska and a .22 target rifle. Money for ammunition was still a problem so the summer was spent dry firing.

By the time summer came again I had pretty well decided to go into rifle shooting seriously. I had reached the point where I was progressing in my knowledge instead of grasping for basic fundamentals. I got in a lot of practice and entered the Kansas Outdoor Position Championship and set my first two national records.

Since all of my time was now spent with my target rifle, I enlisted in the Army in 1958 with the idea of becoming a member of the Army's international rifle team. In my letter to the commanding officer at Fort Benning, Georgia, I, quoted some 50-meter scores I had fired that summer. After I got down there and qualified for the team they told me they hadn't believed the scores. They were better than most of their team members could shoot.

My three years in the Army were the most important in my life, as far as shooting is concerned. Here I had the chance to train and compete with our country's best riflemen. Just as significant, it gave me the chance to see the best shooters in the world and learn from their experience.

In the spring of 1960, I was a member of the Army rifle team that was to participate in the Olympic Games in Rome. I was only an alternate and had plenty of time to watch the best in action.

It's no wonder the Russians dominate competitive rifle shooting. Their training and methods are so superior to the rest of the world that competition almost becomes a joke. The United States had four men who shot over 1,140 out of a possible 1,200 in small bore competition in 1963. In just (continued on page 46)

MARCH, 1964 33

WATER WATER EVERYWHERE

NEBRASKAland is up to its Panhandle with the wet stuff . . . and it's easily within your reach

NOTHING FRUSTRATES the boating fan as much as having plenty of inviting water and no way to reach it. That doesn't happen often in NEBRASKAland, with public boat ramps on most of the major impoundments and many of the smaller water fun spots. More are on the way as funds become available.

Most of the state's top boating waters are located along the rivers that crisscross Nebraska in a 11,000-mile network. If you want to leave the beaten paths, there's plenty of out-of-the-way lakes with public ramps and good access roads. Some of the lakes and reservoirs impose horsepower and speed limits. Others ban motorboats entirely. Boating regulations and information are available from the Game Commission.

Boating on the river systems is an excellent way to spend the summer, enjoying and exploring Nebraska's abundant water resources. South Sioux City on the Missouri River is a good jump-off point for a boating odyssey through the state. Just west of the city is Crystal Lake, a wayside spot that's made to order for a shakedown cruise before hitting bigger waters. The MARCH, 1964   state launching ramp is on the north side of the small lake.

There's plenty of elbow room for every skipper on mammoth Lewis and Clark Lake with its 40 miles of water and 104 miles of shoreline. Fishing's great and sight-seeing's wonderful at this big lake, which tames the Missouri River between Nebraska and South Dakota. Wetting a boat in Lewis and Clark is no problem, with four public ramps and a commercial marina available. State ramps are located near South Shore, Weigand, Bloomfield, and at Santee.

After Lewis and Clark, change the pace and visit charming Grove Lake. This oak-rimmed beauty is 2V2 miles north of Royal on Highway 20. The lake, formed by the dammed waters of Verdigre Creek, is part of a special use area. There are two ramps, one at the dam, the other in the center of the area.

WATER WATER EVERYWHERE continued

The Niobrara River flows through the north quarter of Nebraska. Boaters won't find many ramps along its course, but there are a number of natural launching sites. Landowners along the river are usually accommodating if you ask permission.

South of Valentine on the Niobrara is the Valentine Migratory Bird Refuge. It is dotted with a number of excellent fishing lakes. No motorboats are permitted on these waters and the lakes are closed during the waterfowl season, but during the spring and summer months, access is easy. The scenery and abundant bird life in the refuge more than makes up for the lack of hard-surface ramps. Boaters and visitors should check in at the refuge headquarters.

Way out west on the Niobrara, there's Box Butte Reservoir, located 9V2 miles north of Hemingford. The state launching ramp is located on the north side of the impoundment in the day use area. Box Butte is close to some of NEBRASKAland's most inspiring scenery and is near the historic country of Indian and cavalryman.

Leaving the Niobrara, head south and east to the North Platte River, stopping to try Lake Minatare, northeast of Scottsbluff. The ramp is on the north side of the lake. This 2,200-acre beauty is closed to all boating during the waterfowl season since it is part of a refuge.

Following the historic Platte eastward, stop at Bridgeport on Highway 26. The south-side ramp is easy to find at this pleasant little lake. On down river, Lake McConaughy is waiting. "Big Mac" has four state ramps, located at Otter Creek, the spillway, Lemoine, and at Martin Bay. Besides the state facilities, there are boat rentals, bait shops, and other services.

Accommodations are plentiful at Ogallala. Fishing is always good on the big lake and there's plenty of room for water skiing, sight-seeing, or just cruising. The 105-mile shore line has plenty of bays, coves, and other tempting areas. Right next door to "Big Mac" is smaller Lake Ogallala, which offers one ramp.

The Platte is partially tamed with a string of power and irrigation impoundments. South of Sutherland is Sutherland Reservoir. It boasts an easy-to-find ramp on the north shore. Maloney, the next big impounmment, has one state ramp. This lake is a beehive of 36 OUTDOOR NEBRASKAland activity in the summer when boating fans from nearby North Platte flock to its beckoning water.

Next is Jeffrey Canyon with plenty of good fishing and some exciting scenery but no state-owned ramps, and finally there's Johnson Lake south of Lexington. It sports two ramps, one on each side of the impoundment.

Kearney is a good spot to break from the Platte for some side expeditions. Head north on Highway 10 to Loup City and Sherman Reservoir. Located in the choppy canyon and farm country of mid-Nebraska, Sherman with its two launching ramps is a comparative newcomer to the state boating scene. Retracing the trail from the Middle Loup, stop at Cottonmill Lake, just outside of Kearney, for a breather from big water.

There's plenty of river between Kearney and Fremont, the next stop on the eastward trek through the heartland of Nebraska. The Fremont lake complex has two ramps, one at Victory, the other at Lake No. 20. Fremont is close to the bigger cities and boat traffic is always heavy during the season.

Boaters in Lincoln have some fine little lakes at their back door with more on the way as the Salt-Wahoo development is completed. Lake No. 4 near Sprague, has two ramps. Lake No. 8, outside of Hickman, has one, and another is almost completed at brand new No. 9, east of Hickman. A check of boating regulations is recommended.

Starting another swing west across the southern quadrant of the state, a water gypsy will find a ramp at Burchard Lake where bass and bluegill bite. It is closed to all boating during the waterfowl seasons.

From Burchard, the next big water stop is Harlan County Reservoir at Alma. This well-developed Republican River impoundment lists five ramps around its shores. The boating is great and there's an array of public and private facilities available.

Medicine Creek Reservoir, north and west of Cambridge, is the next beauty. It boasts space aplenty to sail, fish, explore, or just plain loaf. Well developed, there's everything you need, including rental cabins.

Red Willow is another recent addition to the state's water wonderland. Situated eight miles north of McCook, this 1,200-acre impoundment is located in the rolling pasture land of southwestern Nebraska. Two ramps, one north, the other south, lead your boat to plenty of big-water fun.

High on the list of boating lakes on the Republican River drainage is Swanson Reservoir. Here the white bass are always hungry and the deer come out of the breaks at twilight. Swanson has a concession stand, a bait shop, and plenty of picnic facilities. South of Trenton, the lake is in historic Indian country. Look for a single launching ramp on the north shore and a double one on the south side.

North of Swanson is Enders Reservoir. It's on Frenchman River, a tributary of the Republican. Nearby Imperial offers food, lodging, and other services to visitors. One ramp is waiting.

Nebraska's rivers boast plenty of play spots. But for stream outings, none is as well developed as the Missouri. All along the winding Missouri there are marinas, public docks, boat club ramps, and other facilities for the boater. Use of these private facilities are usually free for the asking, but don't forget to ask. State launching ramps are available at Brownville, Nebraska City, and Omadi.

So grab a map, a copy of Nebraska's boating regulations, and trailer up your boat. Head west, east, north or south. There's plenty of water waiting and plenty of ways to reach it.

THE END MARCH, 1964 37

INSTANT RECREATION

Average family plus outboard rig add up to barrels of fun afloat

TAKE AN average family, add an outboard rig, and you come up with instant recreation. With plenty of access spots throughout NEBRASKAland, the boating horizon is a beckoning playground.

The Jerry Biskup family of Lincoln figure themselves as just average boaters. Jerry has been in the boating field in one way or another for the past 15 years. His wife, Barbara, was introduced to outboarding on her honeymoon, and their 13-year-old son, Gary, cut his teeth on the gunwale of his folks' 16-foot runabout.

Nearly every weekend through the summer the Biskups can be found on one of a dozen different spots in the state. There they soak up the sun while fishing, swimming and picnicking.

"One of the most important advantages to boating we have found," explains Jerry, "is that it's a sport the whole family can enjoy together. Regardless of age or skill, everyone can participate."

Pleasure boating has grown in the last 20 years from a sport enjoyed only by a few who could afford 38 OUTDOOR NEBRASKAland the high price, to one in which almost everyone can participate. It isn't free, of course, but a good used rig of boat, motor, and trailer can be purchased for around $1,000. Upkeep is next to nothing. Properly cared for, a boat will last for years.

Jerry got the boating bug in 1949 when he bought a 15-foot fiberglass hull with a 33-horsepower outboard motor. "I'd been fooling around with boats and motors for quite a few years and decided it was about time to get one of my own," Jerry said.

"There were two or three of us who did a lot of fishing and it was cheaper to buy a boat and motor than to keep renting them. Besides, the boat came in real handy for carrying all our gear. We found out pretty soon, though, that the boat meant more than that. We could go fishing anywhere and anytime we wanted.'

Fishing was about all boats were built for in the first years of the boom. They were generally plain rigs by comparison to today's outfits. Boats, motors, and trailers were bought separately, and it was pretty much up to the buyer to figure out what combination was best for his needs.

By comparison, today's buyer usually buys the boat, motor, and trailer as one, with each matched to the other two to give the best in service and performance. This has taken the guesswork out of boating and has gone a long way to increasing boating's popularity.

Jerry's biggest job of selling boating came before he and Barbara were married. Like all brides-to-be, she favored Niagara Falls, but Jerry talked her into a honeymoon on water.

"She finally agreed," Jerry said with a chuckle, "but she certainly had misgivings. Like most women, Barbara figured boats came complete with a smelly fish under the floor boards. By the time we got back to Lincoln, Barbara was sold on boating and has been a fan ever since."

A year later Jerry and Barbara bought a 16-foot kit boat and a 50-horsepower outboard to replace their smaller model. Assembling the boat over the winter months was no trouble and by spring they were ready for bigger and newer waters.

"Part of the fun in outboarding is exploring new lakes and rivers," Jerry remarked. "Water is water, but the shore line is different everywhere you go. Every cove on a lake and turn on a river opens up new sights. One weekend you can be on the Missouri River and the next on Lake McConaughy. The scenery is always different. With an outboard rig, you're never tied down."

The Game Commission publishes maps of 11 major reservoirs in the state that are invaluable to boaters. In addition to pinpointing fishing spots, they give the location of boat ramps, concession stands, and camping and picnic areas. The Corps of Engineers has detailed charts of the Missouri River and Lewis and Clark Lake that are available for a small fee.

By the time Gary was almost a year old, he was a regular member of the Biskup crew. Like most youngsters who spend a lot of time on the water, he learned to swim by the time he was four. He's just like a fish, according to his mother. As soon as the boat stops, he's over the side and swimming.

Cooking on a boating trip can be as fancy as you want. The Biskups prepare their food before they leave so that it's practically ready to eat. A baked Alaska is out of the question, but nearly anything you fix at home for the family can be prepared on a boating trip.

The Biskups have a favorite that has been a mainstay of theirs for years. Barbara forms hamburger into half-pound patties with a slice of onion between each at home. The meat is wrapped in foil with sliced potatoes inside. Once at the lake, she buries the package in the sand and builds a fire over it. When done, the patties and onion can be put into hamburger buns or the entire package can be used as a main dish.

"The secret of preparing meals on a boating cruise is to make them as simple as possible," says Barbara. "A day on the water really sharpens appetites, so plan on your family eating more than they would at home."

Although many of the Biskup's boating trips are planned, there are those afternoons when Jerry calls home and tells Barbara to be ready to go by the time he gets off work. But Barbara doesn't mind. She figures these impromptu outings make boating much more fun.

The Biskups aren't alone in their favorite sport. Thousands of Nebraska families are ardent boating fans and the list grows each year. And no wonder. The state*s boating horizon is almost unlimited.

THE END MARCH, 1964 39

FISHING? Name your brand of fishing and the Special Fishing issue of Outdoor NEBRASKAland will dish up a creel full of features to tell you where the lunkers are. Your most complete guide to NEBRASKAland's fishing bonanza, with 9 pages of full color photographs depicting some of the most action-packed fishing anywhere. An issue that you will treasure and enjoy reading for months to come. Do you have a fisherman friend? Give him a gift subscription; $2 for one year, $5 for three years. APRIL ISSUE OF OUTDOOR NEBRASKAland

ANGLER'S CHOICE

(continued from page 19)

the manufacturer's recommendations for horsepower should be obeyed. Broadside to waves, it has a tendency to mush rather than lift. In a chop, the water causes an annoying slap.

This rig is far from ideal for running fast water. In a blow it will ship more water than the V or round-bottom models. But with reasonable care, it will serve the fisherman well on practically every kind of water. The open cockpit style is preferred.

Flat-bottoms are made of fiberglass, metal, and wood. In wooden boats, construction features vary. he lapstrake type, identified by its clapboard appearance, is considered the most durable and is slightly more expensive than simpler construction styles.

The V-bottomed skiff is a refinement of the flat-bottom. Its all-around performance is generally superior to the flat-hulled rig. The rounded bottom offers less drag in the water and the craft planes better with an outboard. The bow is slightly sharper and the lines are a bit more rakish. Though the V-bottom appears less stable, it is harder to capsize and will bob over choppy water instead of mushing. Boat for boat, the V's are more expensive.

Probably the granddaddy of modern round-bottomed boats is the famed sea dory, the safest small craft ever designed. It is extremely buoyant, handles well under extreme conditions, is responsive to oar or tiller, and is speedy. The dory is more fragile than the more mundane designs, but is superior as a fishing platform.

This craft appears "tippy" but is extremely hard to capsize. A sudden shift in weight will roll the rig but its gun-wales seldom go under. It recovers quickly and lifts rather than settles when the water is choppy. The streamlined bow parts wind and water well and the craft is a good upstream traveler, since there is less water friction underneath the rounded hull. Like any thoroughbred, the dory needs a little more care and coddling than cheaper boats.

The angler with a yen to explore the little streams and the backwaters won't go wrong with the John boat. Basically a flat-bottomed craft with a square bow and stern, the craft is specifically designed for floating shallow water. Its shallow draft, narrow beam, light weight and low silhouette make it an ideal boat for probing those out-of-the-way spots where lunkers hang out.

No speedster, the John boat is not designed for powerful motors or even enthusiastic rowing. This flat-bottom is a fishing platform and as such performs well. It responds to oars, paddles, poles, or a small kicker at a slow pace. In its element of sluggish snag infested water, the boat's hard to beat.

This rig is out of place on big water, since its square bow butts instead of cuts wind and wave. It pushes against 40 OUTDOOR NEBRASKAland the current and catches every cupful of water in choppy situations. Surprisingly stable and seaworthy, the John boat will give years of service with a minimum of care. Low freeboards give the angler plenty of room to maneuver a fighting bass or any angry catfish. No craft for comfort, it is basically a one or two man boat with no frills.

Prospective boat buyers have a bewildering array of trade and model names to go through before selecting a craft for their fishing needs. Keep in mind that all boats are adaptations and modifications of three basic designs and that such terms as pram, punt, dinghy, and utility refer to various sizes rather than distinct types.

When buying your fishing boat, first decide where you want to do most of your angling. Then pick the boat to fit the water.

THE END

RUNABOUTS

(continued from page 11)

the bottom unit tilts like an outboard. These engines put out from 80 to over 300 horses and can be mounted either singly or in tandem. Most runabouts will have all the power they need with 150 horsepower.

Almost all outboard runabouts are made either of wood, fiberglass, or aluminum. Those favoring wood mention its beauty, tradition in boat building, and natural flotation. Fiberglass fans talk of durability coupled with freedom of maintenance worries. They point out that it can be molded in any shape with colors mixed in so there is no need for repainting. Aluminum is particularly good in smaller craft as it is light and easy to maintain. Which material you choose will depend on use and the pocketbook.

Buying the right trailer for your rig presents no problems. Each is rated by the load it can carry. In figuring weight, add the total of both the boat and motor, plus gear you expect to carry on trips. Don't economize by buying a trailer that's too small. The difference in price for the larger rig is insignificant.

Boat camping and cruising are becoming more popular. A cruise doesn't have to be to the South Seas to be enjoyable. There are plenty of areas perfect for the camping-cruising outboarder right here at home.

To do any serious cruising, a boat of 17 feet in length with plenty of storage space is required. Much of your eating and sleeping gear will be similar to that used for dry-land camping. Keep everything as compact as possible and in covered plastic containers whenever possible.

NEBRASKAland has plenty to offer for the boat owner, whether his interests be in fishing, water skiing, cruising, or just plain loafing. Take the water road this summer and get in on the boat-load of fun in a runabout.

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Ban On Monkeys. A woman called up a conservation officer during the recent hunting ban all in a dither. She wanted to know if it was illegal for her to set a trap for her pet monkey. The monk had gotten loose and she was sure he was gone for good.—Pennsylvania.

Costly Littering. Shooting a spike buck and dumping its remains into a river netted a Santa Rosa hunter 50 days in the county jail and the loss of his deer tags. He was fined $225 for the illegal deer and $25 for littering. Unable to pay the levy, he sat it out in jail.—California.

Rip-Roaring Hunt. Hunters were given an opportunity to take part in a rip-roaring old-fashioned sport. Buffalo men came back for awhile. The Game Department staged a hunt to clear surplus bison from state preserves and hunters ended up taking 119 of the shaggy animals.—Arizona.

Dangerous Bait. When he took his grandchildren fishing, a Tebbetts angler didn't pay much attention to the "worms" they were using for bait. When the children complained that the worms were "biting", Grandpa took one look at their bait and rushed the children to the hospital. It seems the kids were using young copperhead snakes. Fortunately the venom glands on the snakes hadn't developed yet.—Missouri.

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FORT ATKINSON

Fur was the jackpot but death did the dealing at this frontier post

FIRST LIEUTENANT Gabriel Field of the Fighting Sixth was bored with garrison duty on the bluffs overlooking the turbid Missouri River. Idly he tossed a heavy bladed knife from hand to hand, wondering when the massive wheels of the War Department would creak out a transfer.

Suddenly, the knife slipped, its point biting deep into his thigh. The startled officer gazed in disbelief at the widening ring of crimson on his gray uniform as the arterial blood spurted. He was halfway across the dusty parade ground when the leg gave out. Two burly enlisted men helped him to the surgeon's hut. The black-garbed doctor examined the wound and reached for his amputation kit.

With rough skill the surgeon cut through skin and flesh until the scapel grated against the bone. Saw replaced knife and finally the bloody task was finished. Lieutenant Field did not know it. He was dead. The date, April 16, 1823, the place, Fort Atkinson on the west bank of the Missouri River, 16 miles north of the present city of Omaha.

Lieutenant Field's demise was but another entry on the long roll of the dead at Fort Atkinson. Until 1827, the post was the most remote U.S. military establishment on the western frontier. During its eight years, Fort Atkinson's guns commanded the Missouri River, controlling the traffic to and from the Upper Missouri country.

Ravaged by time, Fort Atkinson and all of its works are gone, but some day parts of it will be restored, now that it is included in the Nebraska system of state parks. The 144-acre site was purchased by the Game Commission in co-operation with a non-profit organization of Omaha in 1963.

Since the site was purchased after legislative approval of the .30 mill levy for the 10-year park program, no funds were earmarked for its development. The Game Commission would like to gradually restore important parts of the square-sided fort, however, so that all will know of its rich contribution to Nebraska's early history.

Within the next year, the department hopes to conduct archeological research 44 OUTDOOR NEBRASKAland work in co-operation with the State Historical Society. Limited excavations in 1956 and 1959 uncovered a number of interesting artifacts. The general location of the buildings was determined and their purposes identified. Several graves were found, including one believed that of the unfortunate Lieutenant Field.

Photos by Nebraska State Historical Society

Plans call for the future restoration of the fort's blacksmith shop, complete with the tools and equipment used by the garrison more than 140 years ago. A permanent bulletin board and a parking lot will be constructed as funds are available and a scale model of the fort will be displayed.

Two significant events occurred while the fort was in operation. It was the base for an expedition against the Arikara Indians who had looted an American fur party and killed several of its members. Six companies, augmented by Sioux warriors and vengeful traders, took the field against the Indians in an effort to recover tne stolen goods.

On August 9, 1823, the soldiers and their Sioux allies under the command of Colonel Henry Leavenworth skirmished with the Arikara in a series of indecisive clashes. Although the traders pressed for an all-out attack against the villages, Leavenworth declined. His Sioux warriors were more interested in looting the cornfields of the Arikara than fighting and he was running low on supplies.

After the death of one of their chiefs, the Arikara powwowed with the colonel and agreed to return the stolen goods and not to molest American traffic or trade in the Upper Missouri country. The settlement disgusted the traders who claimed the Indians returned less than half of the pilfered pelts. Leavenworth vetoed their suggestions to fight and returned to Fort Atkinson. His action so disgusted the traders they refused to have anything further to do with him.

Approximately two years later, the fort was the jump-off spot for the Yellowstone Expeditionary Force under the command of General Henry Atkinson. The force spent three months in the field, concluding treaties with the various Indian tribes and exploring the country. The unit had two objectives, the first to secure the rich fur trade for the United States and second, to impress the western tribes with the might of the young republic.

Fort Atkinson was the first in an ambitious plan to establish a string of military posts in the West. Unfortunately, an economy-minded Congress squelched the plans and only Fort Atkinson was built on the bluffs over-looking the Missouri. It was located on the Council Bluffs, a favorite meeting place for the various western tribes. Its strategic importance and commanding location was not overlooked by the Lewis and Clark expedition. In his journal, Clark recommended the site for a military fortification.

Established in 1820, Fort Atkinson was actually an extension of Cantonment Missouri, the first military establishment along the upper Missouri. Located on the river flats below the bluffs, Cantonment Missouri was the winter quarters for the force which came up river from St. Louis in the summer of 1819. A pest hole, the cantonment was a death trap for many of the officers and men. A flood in June, 1820 practically destroyed the camp and convinced Colonel Atkinson to build the permanent fort on the bluffs.

Back breaking, dangerous toil was the lot of the soldiers who brought the supplies up river from St. Louis. The troopers pulled the heavy boats up river by heavy ropes attached to the vessels. Thick brush, insects, snakes, disease plagued the soldiers every weary yard of the long journey.

Fort Atkinson was manned by approximately 1,000 soldiers of three regiments combined into the Sixth Infantry Regiment. The outfit gained a brilliant reputation for its fighting abilities during the War of 1812. After the war, it was stationed in Plattsburg, New York, until transferred to St. Louis for the expedition up river.

Garrison life was extremely harsh for the enlisted men and not much better for the officers. Colonel Atkinson was the first commandant and was honored by the War Department by having the fort named after him. An inspired soldier, Atkinson had the respect of the ranks for his unceasing interest in their welfare. Later he received a promotion to general officer grade and was in charge of the Ninth Military District.

The square-sided fort included barracks, a powder magazine, officers MARCH, 1964 45   quarters, a blacksmith and armorer's shop, parade ground, a brick kiln, storehouses, and later a council building. Here Indian agents met with the various tribes to work out treaties of commerce and friendship. With the exception of the power magazine, buildings were made of wood harvested from the river bottoms.

FORT ATKINSON continued

A considerable amount of agriculture was carried out, an enterprise that led one military inspector to claim the soldiers were more farmers than fighting men. One year, the garrison harvested and husked more than 19,000 bushels of corn.

Although the fort was practically at the end of creation for that time, there were compensations. Hunting was a favorite sport for both officers and enlisted men. Gambling and drinking were popular but illicit pastimes. The sutler's store provided some comforts and a few luxuries.

A library and school were established, both among the first west of the Missouri. The school may have been somewhat of a problem since the first teacher resigned after a term, although offered two gallons of whiskey every two months as an added bonus for teaching. The regimental band was an integral part of the garrison and after duty hours often held concerts or played for dances.

The fort declined in importance after it became evident that the tide of western migration was swinging south along the Sante Fe Trail. After two years of heated argument in Congress, the fort was ordered abandoned and the garrison transferred to Jefferson Barracks in Missouri.

Once abandoned the fort deteriorated rapidly. Indians looted and settlers scavaged for nails and hardware. Storms and fires destroyed the wooden buildings and within a few years only earthen mounds and hollows were left of the proud establishment. Later the plow completed the obliteration of the site. A few sporadic attempts to restore the fort failed and within less than a generation it reverted to farm land.

Sometime in the future, Fort Atkinson will regain its rightful place among the West's most historical spots. Generations of the future will have the opportunity to see the fort much as Lieutenant Field saw it on that fateful day in April 1823.

THE END NEBRASKAland WHERE TO GO VACATION GUIDE

WORLD RECORDS

(continued from page 33)

year, 1,140 was good enough only for 12th place. There are 20 Russians, including a couple of women, who can shoot that well or better to our four or five.

The United States has come out of nowhere in the past eight years to second place. As far as I'm concerned, second best is nothing to brag about. We are improving all the time, but the Russians are advancing faster through 46 OUTDOOR NEBRASKAland studies of the human body. By understanding the inner workings of muscles, they know precisely what the body can do under any requirement that shooting will make.

For this reason, the position Russian shooters use enables them to far outstrip the rest of the world. I was able to pick up some of their ideas and upon returning to Fort Benning began to use these techniques myself. The results were almost instantaneous. My scores improved considerably.

Since the equipment used by the world's top rifle experts is about equal, staying on top calls for concerted physical and mental training. I put in about 15 minutes of isometric contraction drills and run a mile for endurance six days a week at Hastings College. I enrolled there in 1962 after getting out of the Army. Added to the workouts is a one to two-hour stint at the rifle range each day. With my school work and job as a dormitory counselor, I don't have time to put in any more time on training. But by forcing myself to utilize every spare moment constructively, it is possible to keep in good condition on this abbreviated program.

I used this type of training to prepare for the World Shooting Championship held in Cairo, Egypt, in October, 1962. Everything started falling into place during the tryouts in Texas where I set national records in both the 50 and 300-meter events. I came out of the three-day shoot with my confidence at its highest.

Everything went my way in Cairo. I broke the world record in the 300-meter prone position with 395 out of 400, the 50-meter three position title (prone, standing, and kneeling) with 1,157 out of 1,200. My 376 out of 400 in the 50-meter standing position was another world mark.

One of my records, the 300-meter prone, was broken in September, 1963, by Jan Poignant of Sweden when he shot 397 out of a possible 400. But records are made to be broken and perhaps I can get the title back when the Olympics are held in Tokyo this October.

First, I have to qualify for the United States team at the tryouts the latter part of August. If I can win a gold medal at Tokyo, I will have gained my most important goal in shooting. How much longer I will be able to take part in this international competition is unknown. At college I'm studying to become a minister and know that this will ultimately determine how much time I can devote to training.

When I no longer have the time and stamina to stay on top, I would like to turn to coaching. I have a lot of ideas that can be applied to help youngsters on the way up. I hope someday to be chosen to coach the United States international team. That would fulfill all my ambitions in marksmanship.

THE END HAHLE'S FISHING CENTER CAFE AND ICE BOAT AND MOTOR RENTAL BOAT GAS TACKLE AND BAITS GUIDE SERVICE RED WILLOW RESERVOIR Rt. #1 McCook, Nebraska Ph. 345-3560 CORKY'S PLACE On Beautiful Strunk Lake (Medicine Creek Dam) Modern cabins for boaters and fishermen For a fun in the sun weekend try Corky's Place. Modern cabins, fishing equipment, and baits; plus the friendliest service anywhere. For reservation contact: CORKY'S PLACE Cambridge, Nebraska MARCH, 1964 47

SAUGER

notes on Nebraska fauna...

CLOSE COUSIN to the walleye, the sauger, Stizostedion canadense, is an important member of Nebraska's game-fish clan. A river dweller, he is abundant in the Missouri River and the mouth of the Niobrara River. The gamester occasionally occurs at the lower ends of its tributaries, including the Elkhorn and Platte rivers.

The tail waters of Gavins Point Dam is the state's hot spot for sauger angling. The fishing is particularly 48 OUTDOOR NEBRASKAland good in January and February when the sauger starts his upriver spawning run. Spawning begins in April when water temperatures reach 50 degrees. It is usually completed by early May.

Handsome and streamlined, this close cousin to the walleye is second to none as table fare

Prolific, the females lay 23,000 to 25,000 eggs per pound of fish weight. The eggs are deposited at random in shallow water and left unattended until they hatch in 12 to 18 days. The fry are on their own. After spawning the adults return to deeper water and continue their normal activity until the following spring.

The sauger's close resemblance to the walleye often confuses anglers. A handsome, streamlined fish, the gamester is more cigar-shaped than the walleye. He is olive-gray with brassy or yellowish orange sides, mottled with dark splotches or saddles extending over the backbone. There are two or more rows of black dots on the first dorsal fin and a black patch at the base of the pectoral fin. The sauger lacks the white edging on the lower lobe of the tail fin that marks the walleye. Unlike his cousin, the sauger has cheek scales.

His first dorsal fin possesses sharp spines which can inflict painful wounds if the fish is handled carelessly. The second dorsal fin has 17 to 19 soft rays while the anal fin has 11 or 12. The sauger has the sloping, menacing head of the walleye and the same distinctive eyes. Reports of hybrid sauger-walleye has been received but never scientifically substantiated.

A slow grower, the fish rarely exceeds four pounds in Nebraska waters, however there are noteable exceptions. The world's record came from Nebraska. The 8 pound, 5 ounce fish was taken by Mrs. Betty Tepner of Plainview on October 22, 1961. She creeled the record-breaker above Lewis and Clark Lake at the mouth of the Niobrara River.

Young sauger reach a length of 2% to 4% inches the first year. Growth continues at about the same rate each year. They reach maturity in their third or fourth season when spawning occurs. Males apparently reach maturity quicker than the females. Although little is known about their life span, sauger are known to live at least seven years and probably longer.

Like the walleye, the sauger is a predator. Adult fish live on other fish, crayfish, and fresh-water crustaceans. Young depend upon midge fly larvae, May flies, and other aquatic insects until they are big enough to prey on other fish. Not a particularly fast swimmer, the sauger waits for his prey to come close before making his killing dash.

Though he feeds most of the time, he has periods of greater activity, depending upon water temperatures, depth, and other habitat factors. He frequently changes his feeding locations. During the daylight hours, he lurks in deep water, feeding close to the bottom. In the evening he moves to the shallows to forage on smaller fish and other aquatic life.

Trolling with spinner-minnow rigs is a favorite method for taking the gamester. The lure is fished from six to eight inches above the bottom and moved slowly. Sauger feed in schools and where one is taken there is usually more. Active the year-round, the sauger offers excellent ice angling where he is locally abundant.

Still fishing from shore at night is often effective. A casting rod with stout line and leader is used with a heavy sinker and chub or minnow fished from a dropper. Anglers cast as far as possible and allow the terminal rig to remain stationary. Another specialized method used by experienced sauger fishermen is the "dapple". The bait is dropped in small openings in log, rock or brush jams along the stream. A long rod, 10 feet or more, is used and the bait is fished in a series of drop in, lift out, drop in, lift out motions. Once the sauger strikes, he is horsed out of the water before he has time to make his run.

Ice fishermen use the deadly little jig with good results, but unlike the walleye the sauger does not smash into the lure in an all out attempt to kill it. Sensitive fingers and deft handling is required but fished with care, the jig will entice a mess of sauger.

This species is not a dashing slam-bang fighter like the bass or an aerial acrobat like the rainbow. Hooked, he fights doggedly and deep, seldom breaking water in his struggle. Critics say he has about as much fight as well-cooked macaroni. His followers consider him a worthy antagonist on light gear.

On the table, the sauger rivals the walleye in flavor. His flesh is dry, white, and flaky with a delicate taste. He can be prepared and served in a variety of ways. After the fish dies his flesh deteriorates rapidly unless iced. A sauger should be gilled and gutted as soon as possible after removal from the water. Minutes after he is caught, the sauger's dark saddles sometimes vanish, leaving an over-all silvery sheen which detracts from his appearance.

A fish of many names, the sauger is called sand pike, river pike, spotfin pike, jack fish, and jack salmon. He is sometimes called yellow pike, a term that commercial fishermen apply to both sauger and walleye.

As a native game fish, the sauger has provided plenty of sport for the state's anglers for many years. Although somewhat, tolerant of water temperatures, he doesn't find lakes to his liking. His slow growth rate and apparent inability to reproduce in still water precludes his introduction to many of NEBRASKAland's lakes where walleyes thrive.

Second to the walleye in many respects, the sauger has his niche in Nebraska's hall of fishing fame. He's accommodating, plentiful in his preferred habitat, good to eat, handsome, and big enough to provide excitement on the rod. The angler seldom finds a better all-around prize for his stringer.

THE END MARCH, 1964 49

NEBRASKA GAME, FORESTATION AND PARKS COMMISSION: DON C. SMITH, FRANKLIN, CHAIRMAN; A. I. RAUCH, HOLDREGE, VICE CHAIRMAN; LOUIS FINDEIS, PAWNEE CITY; W. N. NEFF, FREMONT; REX STOTTS, CODY; A. H. STORY, PLAINVIEW; MARTIN GABLE, SCOTTSBLUFF. DIRECTOR: M. O. Steen DIVISION CHIEFS: Willard R. Barbee, land management; Glen R. Foster, fisheries; Dick H. Schgffer, information and tourism; Jack D. Strain, state parks; Lloyd P. Vance, game. CONSERVATION OFFICERS Chief: Carl E. Gettmann, Lincoln Albion—Wayne Craig, 395-2071 Alliance—Richard Furley, 262-2024 Alliance—Leonard Spoering, 262-1547 Alma—William F. Bonsall, 928-2313 Arapahoe—Don Schaepler, 962-7818 Bassett—William O. Anderson, 294W Benkelman—H. Lee Bowers, 423-2893 Bridgeport—Joe Ulrich, 100 Broken Bow—Gene Jeffries, 872-5953 Columbus—Lyman Wilkinson, 564-4375 Crawford—Cecil Avey, 228 Crete—Roy E. Owen, 446 Crofton—John Schuckman, 29 Dix—Marvin Bussinger, 682-2052 Fairbury—Larry Bauman, 1293 Falls City—Raymond Frandsen, 2817 Fremont—Andy Nielsen, 721-2482 Gering—Jim McCole. 436-2686 Grand Island—Fred Salak, 384-0582 Hastings—Bruce Wiebe, 2-8317 Hay Springs—Larry D. Elston, 638-4051 Kearney—Ed Greving, 237-5753 Lexington—H. Burman Guyer, 324-3208 Lincoln—Norbert Kampsnider, 466-0971 Lincoln—Dale Bruha, 477-4258 Nebraska City—Max Showalter, 2148W Norfolk—Robert Downing, 371-1435 North Platte—Samuel Grasmick, 532-9546 North Platte—Robert D. Patrick, 532-7274 Ogallala—Loron Bunney, 284-4107 Omnha-— Richard M. (Mike) Bailey, 453-4937 O'Neill—James J. Hurt, 159LJ Oshkosh—Donald D. Hunt, 772-3697 Ponca—Richard D. Turpin, 242 Tekamah—Richard Elston, 278R2 Thedford-—Jack Henderson, 645-5351 Valentine—Jack Morgan, 1027 Valley—Daryl Earnest, 359-2332 Wahoo—Dennis Engstedt, 359-2332 Wayne—Wilmer Young, 375-2636 York—Gail Woodside, 362-4120 Outdoor NEBRASKAland of the Air SUNDAY KGFW, Kearney (1340 kc) 7:05 a.m. KTTT, Columbus (1510 ke) 7:30 a.m. KVSH, Valentine (940 kc) 8:00 a.m. KXXX, Colby, Kan. (790 kc) 8:00 a.m. WJAG, Norfolk (780 kc) 8:15 a.m. KLMS, Lincoln (1480 kc) 9:05 a.m. KIMB, Kimball (1260) 9:45 a.m. KBRL, McCook (1300 kc) 9:45 a.m. KODY, North Platte (1240 kc) 10:45 a.m. KMNS, Sioux City, la. (620 kc) 12:00 noon KOGA, Ogallala (930 ke) 12:30 p.m. KFOR, Lincoln (1240 kc) 12:45 p.m. KMMJ, Grand Island (750 kc) 1:00 p.m. KCNI, Broken Bow (1280 kc) 1:15 p.m. KUVR, Holdrege (1380 kc) 2:45 p.m. KHUB, Fremont (1340 kc) 4:45 p.m. KNCY, Nebraska City (1600 kc) 5:00 p.m. KTNC, Falls City (1230 kc) 5:45 p.m. KRVN, Lexington (1010 kc) 5:45 p.m. MONDAY KGMT, Fairbury (1310 kc) 1:00 p.m. KSID, Sidney (1340 kc) 6:30 p.m. TUESDAY KJSK, Columbus (900 kc) 1:30 p.m. WEDNESDAY KCOW, Alliance (1400 kc) 4:30 p.m. FRIDAY KRFS, Superior (1600 kc) 1:00 p.m. SATURDAY KCSR, Chadron (610 kc) 6:00 a.m. KOLT, Scottsbluff (1320 kc) 11:45 a.m. KAWL, York (1370 ke) 12:45 p.m. KWRV, McCook (1360 ke) 1:45 p.m. KBRX, O'Neill (1350 kc) 4:30 p.m. KRGI, Grand Island (1430 kc) 4:45 p.m. KLIN, Lincoln (1400 kc) 6:00 p.m. KHAS, Hastings (1230 kc) 6:15 p.m. WOW, Omaha (590 ke) 9:30 p.m.

BY THE NUMBERS

Be sure the family rig is registered before cruising the state waterways

SIMPLIFICATION is the byword for registering a boat in NEBRASKAland in 1964. Application procedures have been modified to the point that all you have to do is fill out a simple application form, determine what class your boat falls into, and mail the fee and completed form to the Game Commission in Lincoln.

Registration application forms "are available from all vendors of hunting and fishing permits and most boat dealers throughout the state. Also available is the 1964 "Guide to NEBRASKAland Boating," an aid in any boat.

Upon receipt of a proper application and the prescribed fees, the Game Commission will assign a number to that particular craft. Then a certificate of number will be sent to the applicant. This certificate must be aboard and available for inspection.

One area of the boating regulations that has been confusing is the proper placement of the numbers. The new owner can buy the prescribed numbers at a variety of outlets throughout the state. He must place the numbers so that they read continuously from left to right on a single plane on both sides of the bow, the front end of the boat. The annual symbol, sent to the boat owner with his certificate of number, is placed immediately to the left of the numbers and on the same plane.

All boats that are mechanically powered and operating in the state's waters must be registered. The only exceptions are craft from another country temporarily using Nebraska waters, boats owned by a state or a governmental agency of the United States, lifeboats used solely for that purpose, boats registered by the Coast Guard, boats registered in another state with federally approved numbering, and seaplanes.

Classification of boats depends on the size of the craft and in some cases on the motor power. Class 1 boats are less than 16 feet long and are powered by motors totaling five horsepower or less, the permit costing $1. Boats less than 16 feet long with more than five horsepower are in class 2 and cost $3. A boat 16 but less than 26 feet long comes under a class 3 permit that costs $5, 26 to less than 40 feet long is class 4 with a $10 fee, and 40 feet or over is in class 5 with a $20 charge. Class 6 is the special group for dealers and manufacturers and is $3.

THE END 50 OUTDOOR NEBRASKAland

COMPARE

MERCURY/MERCRUISER SILVER ANNIVERSARY F WITH ANY OTHER LINE OF MARINE PROPULSION

This is the most complete range of marine power ever offered by anyone . . . from 3.9 hp to 310 hp.

Whether it's a canoe or a 35-ft. cruiser, there's a Mercury outboard or a MerCruiser Stern Drive Power Package to give it the power you need.

Merc's smallest fishing motor with 3.9 hp has full-power features you won't find on any other outboard in this class. It has full gearshift, twist-grip throttle, fixed-jet carburetor, remote fuel tank (at no extra cost), dual-clamp brackets, Jet-Prop exhaust and Glide-Angle styling.

At the top of the outboard range is the 100 hp Merc 1000. It has a 6-cylinder in-line engine with Power-Dome combustion chambers and can show a rooster-tail to any other outboard . . . push big cruisers with ease ... go farther on less fuel. Merc 1000 is the world's most powerful outboard, yet it weighs no more than 75 hp outboards.

In between are 7 more outboards ... 85 hp, 65 hp, 50 hp, 35 hp, 20 hp, 9.8 hp, and 6 hp . . . six, four, and two-cylinder engines! If you want more power than that, you need a MerCruiser Stern Drive Power Package. MerCruisers are standard equipment in the boats of more than 165 builders ... or in custom installations by dealers. This gives you a far greater choice of boats than has ever been available with ordinary inboards or other stern drives. A MerCruiser combines the propulsion efficiency, maneuverability and portability of an outboard with the fuel economy of a 4-cycle engine ... the prestige of an inboard. MerCruisers I and III have Jet-Prop exhaust for automotive-like silence. Only one hole is necessary for installation. MerCruiser II has dirigible mounting to let it rotate 180°. All the controls for MerCruisers are inside the boat.

Pick your stern drive power ... 110, 120, 140, 150, 190, 225 or 310 horsepower. Power tilt, power shifting, power steering are available for all MerCruisers.

The Silver Anniversary Fleet is the result of 25 years of engineering leadership in marine power . . built by the Kiekhaefer Corporation ... to give you more RUN for your money.

See them at your Mercury dealer and COMPARE SILVER ANNIVERSARY FLEET YOUR MERCURY DEALERS IN NEBRASKA ARE: OUTDOOR NEBRASKAland THE BOAT HOUSE, INC. Grand Island LOVENBURG MARINE Ogallala SURPLUS CENTER MARINE Lincoln GEORGE'S MARINE Sunol PERSON'S SPORT SHOP Columbus SPORTSMAN'S HANGOUT Kearney DON'S MARINA McCook STASSER'S GARAGE Haigler K. E. MOREHEAD AUTO CO. Falls City RUSSEL'S MARINE Bushnell MIDWAY MARINE SALES Tekamah AMMCO MARINE SUPPLY Lincoln ANDERSON SALE AND SERVICE Omaha RIVER CLUB MARINA Omaha DORSEY-COOK, INC. Loup City CENTRAL NEBRASKA BOAT CO. Callaway SPORTSMAN'S PARADISE Elwood BAHNEN'S Omaha HEIL MARINE SALES Hastings © 1964, Kiekhaefer Corporation, Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, and Toronto. Subsidiary of Brunswick Corporation

SMALL WONDER

Meet Evinrude's new 9I/2 hp Sportwin . . . the compact take-along motor designed to live in your car trunk.

Never before has a fisherman been able to pack so much fishing motor performance in so little car trunk space. Just 34 inches top to prop—inches shorter than a "3". The handle folds down, the controls are out of the way in front, and the starboard side lies flat.

But don't let its bantam size fool you. This sporty little shorty packs a real punch. Planes a load of 3. Hustles fishing boats at a 20-mile clip. Runs 80 miles and more on a tank of fuel. It starts like a "3". Tilts at a touch. Adjusts to 16 running positions.

It sounds even smaller than it iooks. If we made it any quieter you couldn't tell when it was running. It's that smooth.

But don't take our word for it. See and hear it at your Evinrude dealer now (he's listed in this ad). Catalog free. Write Evinrude Motors, 4179 N. 27th St., Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53216.

EVINRUDE Fl RST IN OUTBQARDS DIVISION OF OUTBOARD MARINE CORPORATION