BOTTOM SIDE UP

HE'S AN untamed renegade one moment, a saint the next. He remembers much but says nothing. He offers the golden pot at the end of a western rainbow, but makes men work hard to attain it. He's a man of a million faces, all those countless faces that have met him during his long and colorful career. He's all things to all people, but he's Nebraska through and through.

This is the Platte, the river that flows bottom side up, the fellow of "mile-wide, inch-deep" fame. Starting as two streams, he becomes one about four miles east of North Platte, joining his twin waters for a winding, twisting journey to a rendezvous with the Missouri. Spawned from bubbling mountain streams high in the Rockies, he blossoms into a giant that carves his magnificent path through the heart of the Plains.

Eons old, but as young as tomorrow, he has watched the building of a nation and a state. For countless years, the wily gentleman roamed about the countryside, braiding his way gently among the many islands that dotted his course. No one but the Indians knew he was here and to them he was the Ni bthaska ke, Ni brathka, or Nibraskier. But names didn't mean much to him. He was wild and untamed, and he intended to stay that way.

History had other plans for the meandering river. Explorers started to venture cautiously into his country, searching for cities of gold or for a route to the great western sea. One by one, they came to him, seeking and searching. But the eccentric Platte would tell them nothing. They would have to explore deeper into his country to find the answers for themselves.

Here again, he received many names. Coronado dubbed him Rio Quivera. Pedro Villasur called him Rio Jesus Y Maria. There were many others, too, but Ni bthaska ke suited him fine. Why try to dude him up? Finally, in 1739, came Pierre and Paul Mallet. They took one look at the broad, flat river stretching before the two wilderness explorers and there was only one name that would fit, So Platte, the French word for flat, became his monicker. Like him,, it was here to stay a spell.

He likes a good joke, and he's pulled quite a few in his day. He snickered at the early explorers who returned to their faraway homes with tales of the "Great American Desert" that covered the center of the country between the wooded East and the mountains. The Platte was going to show them a thing or two about a desert.

He would go on to assume a unique importance among the many streams in the wilderness. The Platte didn't reach the western sea, but his valley did offer a natural highway to countless millions. He would feed the rich soil around him, and lush MAY, 1962 3   farms would spring up. Because of him, the West would be opened.

But no one was going to use his course for navigation. Conestogas and Mormon carts were O.K., but boats were taboo. No doubt he stifled a laugh as the first hardy crew of trappers viewed the big river as the easy way to get back home with their rich cache of furs. Boldly they launched their bull boats on his shimmering hide. Casually they leaned back to enjoy the scene. But just when they figured they had it made, the watery cayuse they were riding hunkered up and dumped them on a sand bar.

For all his eccentricities, the Platte has a compensating kind streak. He was the Nebraska seacoast, offering a long and cooling haven to pioneers as they plodded westward over the Oregon and Mormon trails. For 49'ers he was the path to the end of the golden rainbow. He unconcernedly watched the Overland Stage and the Pony Express race along. He didn't even care much when end-o-track pushed up the valley. After all, there was more than enough room for railroads, cattle spreads, cow towns, and many a settler's house built of the black sod that was Nebraska marble.

But for years, the Platte has been Nebraska's problem child. Every now and then he gets a hankering to see what's on the other side of the bank. Anyone's entitled to a few sprees, a chance to paint the town brown. Racing out of his confining banks, breaking the icy chains that hold him, and leveling everything that comes in his path, he's a kitten turned wildcat. With a huge mud-filled fist, he strikes out, leaving nothing but disaster in his wake. His roaring laugh fills the ears of puny men trying to stay him.

When the party's over and the heat of summer leaves him unusually sleepy, he sometimes curls up and hides under the sand. Cockleburs and Russian thistle grow high on his sun-baked bed. And far beneath, the Platte hides, deep in summer hibernation. Those that once cussed him now beg him to return. But he takes his time, often until it's almost too late. Then he comes back to the parched land and with a shrug, gives a life-saving drop of water to those who need it most.

Taming him is harder than breaking a bronc, but tamed he has been. One day, the Platte looked up in surprise. Someone was daring to try to interfere with him. Huge bulldozers rammed him, and men 4 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA   tickled his sides with picks and shovels. He was his own boss no longer.

The Platte's valley was gouged and shaped. Heavy steel pierced deep into his bed. Tons of cement were poured in his path. Before he knew what had happened, he was giving water for irrigation and recreation, power for electricity. Much as he dreaded it, his carefree days were over.

Where once he had laughed because trappers got stuck in the sand, he now watched in amazement as people used his waters. Powerful boats skimmed across the huge impoundments. Swimmers who once barely got their ankles wet now swam leisurely in the deep, clear waters of the reservoirs.

Of all the people that were surprised by what the Platte had provided, he was more surprised than anyone. It must have been a terrible blow to the old fellow's ego, but he couldn't say too much.

The Platte has many memories. He can remember the sounds of creaking oxen-drawn wagons, groaning handcarts, racing horses, and plodding feet. Indians with their tipis, explorers, fur trappers, all have passed his way.

Today, he watches again as engineers make their way through the natural highway he has ever provided to lay the ground-work for a wide, modern, cement highway. Again he will offer the traveler a cooling haven, his course duded up with a string of lakes. In true western fashion, the river will invite visitors to stay a spell; to pause for a moment and enjoy his lush furnishings.

The Platte has more personalities than can be counted. From a villian and a devil, he can turn into a real charmer, just as he did years ago when he offered his valley as the highway leading to the dreamland of the setting sun. For all his craftiness and capriciousness, where would Nebraska be without him? Thanks to the Platte, Nebraska has been born and reared to adulthood. Because of the Platte, the "Great American Desert" is no more.

THE EGG TRAP

THANKS TO the most lucrative northern pike egg-taking year in the history of the Game Commission, anglers can look forward to top northern fishing in the future. Over 14 million eggs were trapped and stripped in April by fishery technicians working northern traps on the Valentine National Wildlife Refuge.

Once enough northerns are trapped, they are taken to the hatchery where egg-taking begins. After the females are stripped of eggs and the males' milt added, the spawners are returned to the lakes. Some 10 million eggs are now being processed at the Game Commission's Valentine and North Platte hatcheries. An additional 4 million eggs are now at the federal hatchery at Gavins Point.

Natural northern reproduction in some lakes and reservoirs is slight because of poor spawning conditions. Thus the technician steps in to help propagate the species in the artificial environment of the hatchery. Egg taking and rearing assures that new waters can be stocked and a northern fishery established.

The northern program was started on a small scale a decade ago but numerous problems were 6 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA   encountered in hatching and rearing. For the past three years, however, success has been good with most technical problems solved.

Although 14 million eggs are in the hatcheries, it doesn't mean there'll be that many young pike hatched. A hatch of 50 per cent of these eggs is considered good. And of this figure, half may get through the fry stage into the fingerling class when they are ready to be stocked.

The northern is not only a top game fish but one of the most voracious predators of the fish world. He has long proved his value as an effective management tool to control overpopulations of rough and pan fish.

Watts and Hackberry lakes are both prime waters. Other topnotch Sand Hills lakes are Red Deer, Mothers, Smith, Trout, Cottonwood (Merriman), Swan, and Enders Overflow (Brown County). Reservoirs such as Enders, the state record holder, are not as productive as the Sand Hills lakes, but they produce real monsters. Two new impoundments, Red Willow and Sherman, are slated to receive an ample stock of pike this year.

Any way you look at it, the northern is here to stay. A good share of the Sand Hills lakes have natural reproduction and will not need stocking again in the foreseeable future. The reservoirs will need some stocking from time to time to help out the small hatch of native fish. The northern pike program for 1962 will produce 3V2 million new residents for Nebraska lakes. That's enough fish to excite even the skeptical.

AFTER THE CATCH

NOTHING QUITE matches the thrill of landing a fighting lunker. Though the battle lasts only moments, the memory of the catch goes on for years. Once your prize is netted, you hoist it aloft with that "wait till they see this baby back home" bit of pride. But what the folks see back home may not be a sleek beauty but rotten meat. The difference is in how you handle your catch.

Not all fish keep equally well on a stringer or live box. White bass and crappie, for example, die soon after being removed from the deep and should be watched carefully, especially if placed on a stringer. Once a fish dies, the meat starts absorbing water, causing bad tastes.

If your fish isn't hooked too deep, he'll keep longer if you string him through the lip or place him in a live box. Many people thread through the gills and tear them up enough to kill the fish in a matter of minutes. Lip-stringing will keep your catch alive until you can clean and put it in a cooler. A live box or wire-mesh bag will keep fish alive longer than any stringer.

Removing a hook is an important part of fish care often overlooked. It's an easy process when your prey is snagged in the mouth, but when the hook is farther down, removal is almost impossible. To guarantee that deeply hooked fish will reach the table in good shape, gut and gill them as soon as possible.

Summer bank anglers on deeper lakes shouldn't expect their catch to live on a stringer in the warm waters near shore. The fish have most likely been caught in the deeper, cooler waters and the higher 8 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA   temperatures are fatal. A nearby ice chest is about the only way to prevent spoiling while you are bank fishing.

Trout are perhaps the hardest fish to keep from spoiling. Unless the weather is cold, it's best to stop fishing to gut and gill your catch immediately. If ice is not handy, wet moss or grass in your creel will keep it cool for a short time. Each time you stop for a rest, check to be sure the moss or grass is still wet. Condensation from the damp vegetation cools the creel.

In the heat of summer, you'll have better luck keeping your catch fresh by stopping about every hour to clean and ice it. During cooler weather of fall and spring, the catch can be kept longer before cleaning.

The body cavity should be washed as clean as possible to avoid spoiling. The blood clots that form along the ribs and backbone must be scraped out since they will spoil even in a cooler. Salting this area before icing will help reduce bad tastes. The dark, muddy tasting lining of the gut cavity should always be removed.

Many anglers prefer to leave the head on to protect the adjoining meat, but this is not an absolute necessity. Even if the head is retained, the gills must always be removed. When left intact, or if your catch is a large fish, ice should be placed in the gut cavity for more rapid and uniform cooling of the meat.

Much of the thrill of fishing comes in catching hard-fighting scrappers. But why must the fun stop because of spoiled meat? With proper care from the minute you take the fish off the hook, your catch can be converted into one of the most taste-tempting treats the outdoors has to offer. Follow the tips listed here to make your outing truly a success.

AHO KAA GAY

HELLO FRIEND, the latch string is out at Nebraska's Indian reservations, the Omaha's "Aho Kaa Gay" an invitation to visit the timbered retreats along the Missouri River. Omaha, Winnebago, and Santee Sioux want you to see the pageantry and color of their exciting past, share their challenge of the future.

Soon drums will echo up and down the big river, the throbbing beat that resounds off the steep bluffs matched by the jingle of countless dancing feet. The travel season is here and powwow time is just around the corner. From Santee to Macy, brilliant 10 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA   costumes will contrast with the rich verdant greenery of a land come alive with a warm summer sun.

Indian land is one of many contrasts. Ageless Maggie Smith has just completed a colorful ceremonial dress that a young maiden will wear at the Winnebago's powwow in August. The fine handwork and intricate design defy description, the gay leaf designs but a camouflage of the long hours of delicate hand stitching in a cold and unlighted shack. And at Macy, miniature tom-toms stand in rows in an arts and crafts shop, ready to tease the eye of a tow-headed boy, come the dancing season. The Omahas are depending on the boy and countless others to buy drums, belts, bead work, and other tribal-made souvenirs to pump new life into their sagging economy.

But summer is here and it's time to soak up the heat of the sun. The deep drifts have melted, the muddy roads are dry, and the budding timberlands erase the starkness of the once-gray terrain. Indian land blossoms again, the season holding promise of the happy days that are ahead. Company will be coming soon and it's time to spruce up the powwow grounds, put on a fresh coat of paint, and put out the welcome signs.

Like other Nebraska communities, Macy and Winnebago are beginning to discover the opportunities of tourism. They, like the rest, once failed to realize that others would be interested in attractions like the powwows which had long been reserved for their friends and relatives. Now they know that MAY, 1962 11   what they have and have taken for granted is unique to Nebraska and much of the nation.

But tourism has special significance to the Indians. It means new industry where none existed before. It means jobs where none were available. It means new money to buy food for the table. But most of all, it means a chance for the Indians to help themselves, to make their communities and their citizens a vital part of the Nebraska scene.

The Indians aren't naive enough to think that tourism is the only answer to their economic and social woes. They've opened the doors to the Twentieth Century and are looking to reservation-based industry, education of both they and their Nebraska neighbors, and the productiveness of their land to pull themselves up by the bootstraps. Time, patience, and understanding will be required to achieve their goal.

This self-help concept is new with the Indians, but one that they recognize as vital if they are to be progressive, vibrant communities. Alfred W. Gilpin, chairman of the Omaha Tribal Council, puts it this way:

"My poor Indian people have lived in helplessness for a long time. They were taken care of in a way that made them forget to take care of themselves. Today they are just waking up, just rubbing their eyes, and are beginning to hate this helplessness. Today my Omaha people are beginning to fight and to hold what is left of their land. They are planning to use their land well. If my Omaha people are 12 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA   allowed to make their own change, they will feel brave and proud. They will face the future standing up straight."

The Omahas have a right to be proud. The rolling hills along the Missouri have been their tribal grounds for as long as anyone can remember. They have lived, hunted, warred, and died here since before 1750. Once their tribe roamed from the Cheyenne River in South Dakota south to the Platte River as it enters the Missouri. Gradually they have watched their lands slip away, by treaty, by sale to the Winnebagos, and now by sale to non-Indians.

But what is left holds the legends, historic sites, and breath-taking scenery that are vital to their way of life. Here is where their taproots have long been buried, and here is where they'll stay.

Looming high above the river is Blackbird Hill where famed Chief Blackbird and his successor, Big Elk are buried. Blackbird was interred sitting on his horse at the very top of the hill. Here he could ever see all those who came up the Missouri into the land of the Mahas. To the north is the site of the sacred fireplace where young men of the tribe once went to fast and pray in the hope that the Supreme Being would reveal to them their purpose in life.

The Leflesche Trading Post, dating back to the time when the first white men set up establishments along the river to barter for furs with the Indians, is to the north. Nearby is the spot where the Presbyterian Mission was established about 1855. Here the grave of the wife of Reverend Hamilton, the first missionary, is located. These are but a few of the historic points of interest on the reservation. Many more sights dealing with early legends and happenings abound throughout the area.

Tribal plans call for a park where many of these sites will be marked and interpreted. The Omahas would like to reconstruct some of the old buildings as well as build a museum to house the priceless relics of their ancestors. The park has an exciting potential. Spotted strategically in the heart of Nebraska's population center, it could offer both residents and tourists a place to camp, picnic, ride horses, and hike on the many scenic trails that lace the timbered retreat. The Missouri offers still more recreation opportunities. The Omahas would like to build boat-launching facilities to attract still more visitors.

But there's more to their ambitious plans. A hay meadow next to the park area could support a sizeable herd of buffalo and other wild game. Then there's the powwow itself. Chief Gilpin and the council realize that it can become one of the West's outstanding attractions if it is developed and promoted properly.

Already the Omahas have been able to enlarge and improve the powow grounds from the profits of recent years. Before, they were lucky to break even from the annual affair. But there's more to do. Modern restroom facilities must be constructed, better parking areas laid out, and even more seats added if the Omahas are to take advantage of their unique attraction.

Instead of waiting till powwow time to hold their dances, the Omahas launched a weekly program for the many visitors who wanted to see the age-old steps and colorful costumes. Last year dances were held on weekends throughout the travel season. As expected, they met with immediate success. This year's program will be launched June 5 in Omaha and the dances will continue at Macy right up to powwow time.

A vital part of the Omaha's tourist program is the development of a productive arts and crafts shop. Its success could be the key to the entire program, since it could be a going, year-round industry, assuring jobs for many Indians. Uniquely, the Omahas are the only group now producing "Made in Nebraska" souvenirs. The demand for these truly western items exists not only in Macy but throughout the state.

The Omaha's ambitious but realistic self-help tourist program will not happen overnight. Red tape, technical problems, financing, and the complexities of the tribe itself make for a long, uphill battle. But their problems are no different than any other Nebraska community taking the big step into the tourist business. Actually, the Omahas hold most of the winning cards, since they already have the pageantry, history, and scenery that have proved so enticing to the traveler.

Though their present program is limited to their annual powwow in August, the (continued on page 32)

ADVENTURE Trail

THE SIT-IN-THE-CAR sight-seer misses out on a lot of good Nebraska scenery. A hike through one of Nebraska's many state parks and other open areas is an experience available to any individual or family group. There are easy treks of less than half a mile that even the elderly can enjoy, and there are long, rugged trails that demand stout legs and sound hearts.

Trails in the parks and some recreation areas are laid out to lead you to the most interesting spots. Most are of a circuitous nature that bring you back to the main area. Consider Ponca State Park in northeastern Nebraska. It boasts about seven miles of trail. From the main parking area, one trail leads gently to the bluff overlooking the Missouri River and continues along for a distance with frequent overlooks. Later, it slopes into a valley away from the river, following through natural woodland that offers the amateur naturalist a variety of bird life, 14 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA   trees, and plants to study. Deer and other animal tracks can be found in the soft earth, but chances of sighting the animals themselves are practically nil, unless you are Indian quiet.

Ordinary street shoes may be worn for short hikes, but, of course, high heels for the ladies are out. A rugged shoe sole, with a broad, medium heel will keep your feet from taking a beating, especially if the shoes are large enough to permit your wearing a pair of thick, white, athletic-type socks. The small fry will get along quite well in canvas sneakers.

For day-long hikes, regular lace-up leather boots with 6 to 8-inch tops and thick, ripple soles are best. You can walk a long way in these without foot fatigue. Wear loose, ankle-length trousers or slacks. Snug-fitting jeans that chafe with every step add up to sheer torture.

A long-sleeve shirt is a must. It keeps the sun from burning sensitive skin (continued on page 29)

WEEKEND ON WATER

THERE ARE 52 Nebraskans that have been keeping a closer eye on the calendar than most, and with good reason. Riding those soft warm breezes of May is the lure of the open water, Nebraska's big waters, their playground from now till the ice moves in.

The state's water world is their oyster as far as members of the Grand Island Boat Club are concerned, and with good reason. These outdoor families almost have a corner on outdoor sport with skiing, swimming, camping, and exploring theirs for the enjoying throughout the summer months. Only a boat is needed to let them in on the fun.

Every member, be he 4 or 40, is a seasoned veteran when it comes to reaping the rewards of Nebraska's waterways. The club has played Tom Sawyer gone exploring on the Missouri, built castles and 16 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA   lolled in the soft sand at Harlan, put on their own brand of ski show at Medicine Creek, and passed in review, regatta style, below Lewis and Clark's picturesque bluffs.

Actually, the two-year-old organization has barely scratched the surface of Nebraska's big boating waters. That's what makes this and future seasons so exciting. Commodore Bob Brouhard and the rest of the club have spent the winter months laying out a series of weekend get-togethers that will take the club down new roads of boating adventure.

Once the lake and the camping and landing sight have been selected, the word goes out to hook up the trailers, stow the gear, and head for open water. The caravan of cars and trailers moving down the road has almost a carnival air. Sizes of the boats that will soon be plowing white V's in the water with a MAY, 1962 17   brace of skiers in tow ranges from 14-foot runabouts to classy 22-foot cruisers.

The Grand Islanders are selective in their camp sites. They like to get away by themselves. When staying at Harlan last year, for example, the club passed by convenient ramp and camping facilities and set up shop at Bone Creek, accessible only by boat and without any kind of improvements.

A small town of tents soon blossom on the shore line. They come in all shapes and sizes and are designed to meet individual family needs. Some with bigger outfits sleep in boats. While the tents are being set up, the commodore and his assistants check the waters nearby for danger spots and stake out mooring and swimming areas. Obstacles are marked and the children's swimming area supervised.

The entire weekend is planned around the host of water sports available to the group. Most everyone takes a crack at skiing, with the more experienced doing tricks that would almost assure them spots in a star-spangled Florida regatta. If it's a new lake, the boats move out en masse for exploring. There's 18 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA   plenty of good grub stowed aboard to break out when members discover a just-right picnic spot.

Saturday nights are always feast nights, with Nebraska T-bones and sirloins sizzling over the charcoal campfires. Once the meal is downed, the older folks group around the campfire for an evening of songs and stories. Even though they've had a big day on the water, the youngsters are still ready to go. You can hear them laughing but see only the shafts of their flashlights as they play tag or hide-and-seek nearby.

You're conscious of the closeness of these families; can see how the outdoors is a binding force that draws these people together. When all the songs have been sung, all the stories told, and the kids all in, it's time to hit the sack to be ready for another big day on the water.

But the club was organized for more than just a group of people having fun. Through the winter, monthly meetings are held where the members hear the latest in boating safety. Their concern for safety is reflected in their perfect safety record afloat. This same concern is seen on the cruises. The youngsters, for example, wear life preservers as part of their dress during outings.

The Grand Islanders, hoping to attract still more people to their special brand of fun, plan to stage a boat show at Fonner Park later this month. Actually, they don't need a show to convince folks to join in the fun. Anyone would be envious to have just a piece of their outdoor world after seeing these boaters in action.

DOG TOWN, U.S.A.

THE SHRILL warning whistle spreads across the endless Nebraska prairie, repeated again and again to warn the town's inhabitants that danger rides the sky. In a moment, dusting and playing and lazying are forgotten as the prairie dogs dash for cover from the hawk that has invaded their domain.

But the hawk's hunger will not go unsatisfied. There are too many inhabitants; the dog town too large. One that misses the signal, is slow in making it to a burrow, is old or diseased will fall prey to the tearing talons.

Except for an occasional tribe of nomadic Indians, no man has yet touched onto the vast Plains cutting through the heart of America. No wagon ruts lace the wide expanse of rolling grasses. And no smoke curling from a chimney of a settler's soddy clouds the deep-blue sky. Except for Indians and wildlife, the Plains remain a virgin wilderness. White man and his civilization are still far to the East.

"Skip, skip, skip" . . . again a signal echoes across the mounds, the all-clear sounded. One head appears, then another, and another. Like waddling puppies, the townsfolk venture forth, cautiously at first, then braver and braver as they learn the danger of the hawk has passed.

Neighbors run to one another, touch noses, and chatter away, no doubt discussing how brave they have been in the face of almost certain catastrophe. One, showing his complete unconcern, decides it's time for a dust bath and sets about making his toilet. Things have returned to normal.

The town is a scene of bustling activity again. Here and there a dog tamps the dike surrounding the entrance to his burrow into shape, others feed, and of course, there are those who want to play, rolling about in a frolicsome wrestling match.

The little rodents saunter about, tails flipping, barking and greeting one another. The spring sun beats warmly on the wide prairie. Here and there heads start to nod as drowsiness overtakes the inhabitants of dog town, and one by one they retire to the comfort of their burrows for a short siesta.

From southern Saskatchewan to northern Mexico, the buffalo is king, the prairie dog his court jester. The rodent's rounded mounds rise like miniature volcanoes amid the short prairie grasses. Here they live in their tight little societies, co-operating in digging their homes, living peacefully together. Their 3 to 16-foot-deep burrows, the most elaborate of any North American burrowing mammal, stretch beneath the ground with guard rooms, bed chambers, and toilets.

The prairie dog is well adapted to life on the wilderness Plains. The orange-colored lenses of his eyes filter out the sun's intense glare, water is not 20 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA   a necessity with him, and although he is omnivorous, the various western-plains short grasses make up the major portion of his diet.

Each town is made up of various social groups consisting of a dominant male and a few females and their young. These groups occupy a territory of about an acre in size which they're quick to defend against any alien prairie dogs.

Whenever an interloper appears, the male is quick to protect his domain. The pudgy animal puffs himself up and confronts the intruder with threats and bluffs and occasional charges. Usually, the newcomer ends up turning tail and running. After all, prairie dogs are a peaceful lot and any actual combat is rare.

The prairie dogs of the unpopulated West have^ learned to live in harmony with their neighbors, the buffalo, pronghorn, jackrabbit, and cottontail. What if a buffalo does occasionally flatten a mound accidentally. Accept life as it comes. Mounds can always be rebuilt.

There are enemies, too. Coyotes and wolves roam the plains, rattlesnakes wreak havoc among the burrows, and eagles, hawks, and owls take their toll. But ^ the worst of all are badgers and black-footed ferrets. Either can bring disaster to a dog town.

Occasionally man wanders onto the untamed prairie. The early explorers (continued on page 30)

GROVE LAKE

LOOKING FOR big, beautiful brown trout? Do you like plenty of hunting action or the excitement of camping out? There's all this and more waiting for you at Grove Lake Special Use Area.

A drive through northeastern Nebraska's rolling farmland brings you to the entrance of the 1,370-acre area. Once on top of a small rise, look below into the tree-filled valley where Grove Lake spreads before you in summer beauty. On the picnic and camping areas tents are pitched, smoke carrying its aroma of good things to eat. Happy children laugh and play beneath the oaks. And on the lake, rowboats gently drift along carrying anglers busy trying their luck 22 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA   with the many species found here. Settle down, unpack your gear, and get ready to have a most enjoyable outing.

Two miles north of Royal on U.S. 20, Grove Lake offers something for every member of the family, something for every taste. It's easily accessible and well placed signs direct you along the highway and into this special-use area. Convenient facilities including fireplaces, picnic tables, wells, and toilets are at your disposal in the camping area to make your stay a pleasant one.

Tent and trailer campers will find the facilities to their liking. Three camping and picnicking areas are available and special areas are marked off for trailer parking.

Launch your rowboat onto the spacious lake from one of the two boat ramps. Lean back, relax, and drop in your line. Motor boats are not permitted on the 56-acre lake, so you can plan on a lazy afternoon of fishing and soaking up the sun. But you're in for plenty of action. Smallmouth and largemouth bass, northern pike, channel catfish, bluegill, and bullhead are ready and waiting to give you a scrap.

For real angling excitement, move upstream from the lake to Verdigre Creek which also runs through the area. This rushing stream is one of the few waters in northeastern Nebraska cold enough to support a trout population. Recent fisheries management work on both the creek and the lake have assured your chances for angling success. Cast into one of the deep pools in the creek. There just might be a two-pound brown waiting.

Verdigre Creek was completely renovated in 1958. Since then the trout fishing in the creek has been outstanding. That year the entire watershed was rotenoned, removing rough fish such as suckers and carp from the creek and from Grove Lake. Much has been done to make the creek waters an ideal home for trout. Grass and willow plantings assure cool water, deep pools have been created by damming, and trout food is abundant.

Trout is definitely the big word at Grove Lake. As well as providing top-flight fishing for those using the area, Grove Lake also features two trout-rearing ponds. Fish from these ponds go to Two Rivers where they are used to stock the put-and-take lake there.

But anglers and campers aren't the only ones who will enjoy Grove Lake. The kids will find more than enough to keep them occupied. Playground equipment, including swings, a merry-go-round, teeter-totters, and horizontal bar set, will keep them busy.

Take a hike among the trees that cover the valley. Rustic beauty prevails in the rugged country. Deer trails lace the area. Footbridges over the creek give a sylvan aura and the nature lovers will delight in the many songbirds that dart here and there among the trees.

In the fall, when the area is changing its greenery for brighter colors, it plays another important role in the Nebraska recreation scene. As fall hunting season opens, nimrods come to the area for the quail, pheasant, squirrel, and waterfowl shooting it offers. The area supports a fair bobwhite population and there is limited pheasant hunting. Waterfowlers can usually plan on success. Grove Lake also provides big-game hunting. A good deer population is found on the area and hunters will find plenty to keep them busy while stalking the big animals that make their home at Grove.

It's all here waiting for you. Whether fishing, camping, hunting, or just relaxing is your forte, you'll be sure to find it here. Make your plans now to put Grove Lake on the agenda for your up-coming weekends.

DAPPER DANS

OLD DAME NATURE is truly feminine, a lady that insists on a fresh new start with spring house cleaning and new duds to bring in the sunshine season. Spring is here—you can see it, you can hear and smell it. And so it is in the waterfowl world.

Most ducks acquire a new suit of feathers to go a courting. For many, courtship began in the far south and continued during the long migration back to the breeding grounds. Some bachelor drakes still circulate, displaying their best and most colorful plumage of the year. Competition has been keen for the females' attention, and hope of the bachelors is rapidly diminishing as the season's egg laying is well under way.

Shortly after incubation begins in the spring, the drakes leave their mates to assemble in flocks at the "bachelor bars" in some secluded marsh. Here, they undergo their only complete molt of the year, the post-nuptial molt. Within about a day, they lose their distinctive-looking flight feathers, leaving them flightless.

Usually four weeks are required for the drake to grow new feathers, giving him a brand new appearance. As molts go, this is a rapid replacement of all the feathers. His colorful plumage is replaced with one almost identical to that of the hen. This is known as the eclipse plumage. Whether nature intended it or not, the drab garb does make him less conspicuous to his enemies.

During the "flapper" stage of flightlessness, the male spends most of his time secluded in the shoreline vegetation. When he leaves this protective cover to feed at the lake, his movements are slow, cautious, and sneaking. Flappers spend less time feeding, and for many, food consumption is sharply curtailed.

Eclipse plumage, beginning in early June or July, is retained for only about a month, then the postnuptial molt begins. The molt is incomplete, the new flight feathers being retained until the summer change of garb. Replacement of the hen-like body feathers commences during this post-nuptial period.

The growth of full winter plumage is a much slower process. Two or three months are needed to acquire the gaudy dress that the drake retains through the next breeding season. Duck hunters 24 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA   frequently encounter these splotchy appearing drakes during the early part of the waterfowl season.

All of the drakes of the more brightly colored dabbler or puddle ducks—mallard, pintail, shoveller, gadwall, baldpate, and teals—assume an eclipse plumage by an early post-nuptial molt. However, there are some variations. Blue-winged teal and shovellers retain the eclipse plumage for several months, frequently not completing the transformation to nuptial garb until January or even later. Mallards and pintails have generally acquired their breeding plumage by early December. Acquisition of the nuptial dress in the late fall and early winter probably offers some partial explanation for the courtship and pairing that takes place on the wintering grounds.

The females follow a more normal sequence of molts. There is no double summer molt. The hens undergo a complete post-nuptial molt. This occurs a little later in the summer during the later stages of brood rearing. They, too, lose their flight feathers to become flappers. The females remain with their broods during this helpless period, and regain their flight powers about the same time that the young are able to fly. The incomplete pre-nuptial molt of body and tail feathers occurs during the winter and spring. These are identical to the feathers that are replaced.

Toward the end of the spring molt, the hen replaces her undercoat of down. She acquires a special down of longer and softer feathers which she plucks from her breast to line the nest.

Diving drakes, like the redhead, canvasback, ringneck, and scaup, have partial eclipse molts. The drake's under parts become splotchy and less conspicuous, as some of the winter plumage feathers are retained. The female nuptial plumage of the ringnecks and scaups becomes browned during the breeding season, even the white face mask of the ducks becoming obscured.

The little ruddy, who differs in many ways from the other species, also differs somewhat in his molt pattern. Unlike others, the male remains with the female during incubation and rearing of the young. He undergoes a complete post-nuptial molt in August or September. His winter plumage is almost as drab as the hen. Even the bill loses its blue color. The pre-nuptial molt, which is complete except for the flight feathers, doesn't occur until April of the following spring.

There is no eclipse plumage among geese. The single complete molt occuring during the summer is the only molt of the adults. The rapid loss of flight feathers also renders them flightless for a short period. Banding crews take advantage of this condition by driving the birds into fenced enclosures to tag them.

Unlike waterfowl, the vast majority of birds shed their flight feathers at a slow enough rate that they are seldom completely flightless. However, rails, coots, and probably the loon undergo a flightless period.

From Dapper Dan to flapper, then back again to his gaudy dress, the drake goes through quite a change. No one knows quite why molting occurs. Maybe, like we humans, the ducks are just vain enough to insist on a change of duds to bring in the seasons.

Healthy Makes Happy

POUNDING OUT of a blind and into icy water to fetch a downed duck, romping thru corn stubble to snare a grounded pheasant, and tearing into heavy grass after a winged bobwhite, the hunting dog strives to please his master. Why then, shouldn't his master show his appreciation by keeping him healthy, comfortable, and ready to go?

A man may be excused for shirking his duty to clean his gun, boots, or other equipment, but there is no reason for neglecting his dog. This doesn't mean a sportsman should pamper or baby his hunting partner. It does mean, however, that your dog needs and deserves the kind of attention that will keep him in tiptop shape.

Of course, your dog doesn't have to be a hunter to merit proper attention. Every canine that's worth a square meal a day is worthy of good health, be he a 57 varieties-type mongrel or a pampered pet with a pedigree a mile long.

A dog working waterfowl or a snow-covered field for ringnecks is expected to get wet and cold during the day, but he shouldn't sleep that way. If your dog is wet, rub him down with an old burlap sack or coarse towel before turning him into his kennel or putting him up for the night. A once-around lightly with a brush will also be welcomed.

When working the fields, a dog's muzzle and face becomes raw. The condition is only friction burn from continued scraping by dry vegetation, more discomforting than serious. A mild ointment will do much to relieve the problem.

Check your dog's eyes at day's end and you'll often find enough foreign matter under the lower lid to put the human eye out of whack. Particles OUTDOOR NEBRASKA 26   such as this can greatly cut down your hunter's efficiency if not removed. To correct this discomfort, wash out any foreign matter with cotton wet with a weak boric acid solution. Your druggist or veterinarian will prescribe the proper mixing instructions.

Bruised or split foot pads are also painful to an active hunter. A dog running on crusted snow, across shale, or in arid regions may cut and bruise his feet to such an extent that he'll whine in pain. There's little that can be done except letting him rest until his feet heal.

Sandburs, thorns, and pieces of glass also pose a problem. Nightly examination of the feet after a day's action will disclose these threats before they can become serious. If your canine buddy limps and you find nothing, use a magnifying glass under a strong light. If a thorn is driven in deep a muzzle and extra hands may be needed. Relief, however, is almost immediate and will be greatly appreciated.

Unless cuts are serious enough to require stitches from a veterinarian, they're best left alone. Medication will only be licked off unless special boots or bandages are used.

Burs and other hair entanglements should be removed nightly. Give the ears special attention. Brushing, deburing, and an over-all check for signs of discomfort is the best way a sportsman can show appreciation to his dog for a job well done.

But your dog-care obligations do not end here. Diseases and parasites are always lurking just out of sight. Ordinarily a person owning a hunting dog is certain that his prized possession is vaccinated against rabies, distemper, and hepatitis. But one shot for rabies is not enough. If the vaccination is given after eight weeks of age, it's good for one year, after five months, two or three years. Any dog that gets into the outdoors is likely to run across a rabid skunk, fox, or squirrel, and should always be protected against this dreaded disease.

The most common internal parasites that threaten canines are the roundworms and the tapeworms, although hookworms and whipworms are the most troublesome. Regular stool checks by a veterinarian will catch these pests before they can get established and cause real damage. If your dog has a history of worms, a check every one or two months is needed, otherwise every six months is sufficient.

External parasites are more easily discovered, especially if the dog is allowed in the house. Ticks, fleas, and lice, in that order are possibly the most common hygienic problem. Although new insecticides have provided good results, these pests are becoming immune to many of them.

Ticks are easily picked up in the field. If they start increasing, their life history dictates it's time to execute an all-out attack before the problem gets serious. To obtain the best results a safe and reliable lawn or garden insecticide spray should be used along with dusting. The run area should be sprayed once every three weeks at night after your dog has been removed. At the same time, he should be dusted twice the first week and once a week for nine weeks.

Follow the same procedure for fleas and lice, except dust twice a week. Special attention should be given to the ears and neck. Fleas are a special threat since they are the intermediate host of the dog tapeworm. A new oral drug is now available to veterinarians to combat all bloodsucking parasites when they appear in serious numbers.

Mange is another internal parasite that has been a major problem in the past. Although it lives in the blood streams for a considerable time before any exterior condition is noted, treatment by medicinal baths is a fast and effective remedy, provided it's caught in the earlier stages.

This treatment is one of the few times a field dog should regularly be submitted to soap and water. In place of an occasional bath, dogs usually have a more healthy coat and skin if they (continued on page 30)

DOC AND TUNNEY

CANADA GEESE are strange creatures, almost human in many respects. Watching their antics is practically like watching a group of people. It's been 27 years since the use of live decoys has been outlawed, and although I don't miss using them while hunting, I do miss my flock of live decoy Canada geese.

Just like people, they had their leaders, their fighters, their show-offs. My flock, which usually numbered around 30, was composed of a cast of characters that kept the town of Imperial amused.

The Canadas made their home in a pen complete with a cement-lined pond outfitted with an electric motor to pump water in. All the geese were highly intelligent. They knew the sound of my pickup truck and would listen for it. Feeding time was naturally a favorite for them. When I arrived, they would all be gathered around the gate waiting impatiently for dinner. Their performance was really something to watch.

I named most of the Canadas. There was Doc and Mrs. Doc, so called because a doctor friend had given them to me. And there was Tunney and Mrs. Tunney. Tunney was quite the fighter. Those were the days when Gene Tunney was heavyweight champion. It was a fitting name for this scrapper. He would nip me everytime I picked him up.

Tunney and Doc had more than their share of go-rounds. Doc's mate had died of pneumonia so he took a shine to Tunney's mate and began to boldly 28 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA   court the lady, defying the tradition that Canada's mate for life.

Naturally, Tunney did not go for this unconcealed display of affection. And being a quick-tempered gander, he challenged Doc to battle. The great birds beat each other with their powerful wings, striking each other again and again. Just as humans, the other geese gathered around to watch the battle.

Fights between the two ganders became so fierce that I finally separated them by building a pen for Tunney and his spouse. Not willing to give up, old Doc would walk around the fence of the pen all day, trying to get through the wire.

Doc seemed so miserable that I decided something would have to be done for the poor love-sick bird. We had an old maid goose in the flock who laid infertile eggs each season. She seemed like a solution to the gander's problems. For a while Doc paid her little attention. Twice he managed to get out of the pen. Once free, Lovesick Doc headed straight for the Tunneys' house, boldly stationing himself outside the fence.

It took some time, but Doc finally turned his attention toward the old maid. He courted her with real goose gallantry, and it wasn't long before he was standing guard over the setting female, ready to defend her and her nest with all the wariness, shrewdness, and strength with which nature had endowed him.

Quite often when the parents and young were put back in the large pen with the others, they would be joined by the young of the previous season. At night each family would settle down in a specific place with the mother and father surrounded by the young of two seasons. The yearlings seemed to take a protective attitude toward their younger, less-experienced brothers and sisters. They would watch over them as they roamed the pen together during the day.

I made a framework and set bundles of cane around the frame for nests. The Canadas accepted these because they offered the only seclusion in their pen.

Although most of my geese were quite tame, they resented being handled and put into the small leather harnesses they wore when they were staked out as decoys. Doc was one of the best and always the leader. In the set, he was placed at a far outside corner. His mate would be placed on the side opposite him, then they would keep a running conversation of goose talk going between them. When a flock would be sighted, old Doc would begin to call. Soon all the decoys would join in, honking for all they were worth, luring the migrants toward them.

After the federal government outlawed the use of live decoys in 1935, I turned my flock of Canadas loose on the posted ranch of a friend where they would have plenty of space and a nice creek. I'll always remember Doc, Tunney, and all the others, so human in their characteristics that I'll ever wonder at the uncanniness of it.

Nick Neff and Clem Ballweg are the two newest members of the Nebraska Game Commission. Neff, a Fremont businessman, replaces Robert H. Hall, former Game Commission chairman from Omaha. He was appointed in February. Ballweg, a Spalding appliance store owner, was appointed March 9 to complete the unexpired term of LeRoy Bahensky, former Commission vice chairman from St. Paul. Bahensky resigned to run for the state legislature.

ADVENTURE TRAIL

and helps stymie mosquitoes and other pesky summer bugs. Incidentally, a stick of insect repellent is a hiking necessity. It will put mosquitoes, flies, and chiggers to rout, should they be present in the area. Rub it on your face and neck and apply a thin line around wrists, the trouser waistband, and over sock tops and ankles.

If you intend to spend the day on the trail, wear a well ventilated hat to keep your head cool. Take along a light raincoat and a canteen of water and pack sandwiches for lunch.

Some people develop an immediate fear of becoming "lost" the moment they are out of sight of car or peopled areas, and the woods and hills shut them off from the outside world. Simply stick to the trail. If it branches, watch your turns, and you'll have no trouble. Our pioneering ancestors crossed a continent and arrived safely at a pin-point destination. Hikers should have no trouble in a few hundred acres.

Children with a tendency to be adventurous may leave the trail to explore a wooded slope or the depths of a ravine. To save worry, equip each member of the family with a cheap, dime store whistle pinned to the clothing so it can't be misplaced. The whistle must be blown only if one finds himself separated from the group, and doesn't know where he is.

A day's hike is about as inexpensive and appealing an adventure as anyone can possibly enjoy. Hit the adventure trail. You'll see a lot of Nebraska that you would otherwise miss.

HEALTHY MAKES HAPPY

are brushed with a medium-stiff hairbrush. This will combat any offensive odor and help control dryness by stimulating the production of skin oils.

A periodic brushing will get rid of most hair that is naturally shed. If there is an unusual amount of hair loss, it may indicate the dog is lacking something in his diet and should be checked by a veterinarian.

Your efforts to keep your dog clean and in good health are of no avail unless his sleeping quarters are kept in top shape. The bed does not need to be warm, but it must be kept draft free and dry. It should also receive a periodic cleaning and fumigation for parasites.

Proper care of a hunting dog does not require much work. Your time and efforts will be rewarded ten-fold in future trips afield and his constant companionship.

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS

DOG TOWN, U.S.A.

find their way among the towns, returning home to tell of the funny little buff-colored rodents who chirr greetings to them. But prairie dog is not the name these men carry home. Barking squirrel, petit chien, prairie squirrel, wishtonwish . . . these are only a few. In the far-off metropolises, the explorers tell their stories and the people wonder over these vivacious denizens of the short-grass country.

But these care-free little creatures will soon have visitors. They will bring a smile to the tired faces of emigrants fighting their way westward across the broad expanse of prairie. Forty-niners will rush past, their dazed eyes filled with dreams of faraway gold.

Finally, man arrives on the prairie looking for a new home. He brings his crops and cattle and turns the once-barren land into fertile and lush croplands and grazing areas. But there are too many prairie dogs to not interfere with man's interests.

As the cattle graze heavily on the land, the short grasses spread rapidly. As the short-grass areas expand, the prairie dog finds his range greatly extended. On these depleted ranges, the rodents begin to move in and make new homes. Because of this, men assume them to be the cause of depletion and set about condemning the small animals as a pest to be destroyed.

Poison is found to be the most successful method of destruction. Poison-soaked grain appears in the prairie-dog towns and, more rapidly than can be imagined, the millions upon millions of prairie dogs dwindle until today there are but a scattered few.

Because he can be so easily controlled, complete extermination of the prairie dog is not necessary. Just as he delighted the first weary emigrants to invade his territory, he can still delight people today with his funny antics, often giving them a good lesson in human nature.

Prairie dogs in controlled numbers can be a great attraction in Nebraska. People enjoy watching them. Tourists have been known to drive as far as 100 miles out of their way to view a dog town. This same thing has also been proved in Nebraska, at the Blair Tourist Station, the State Fair, and sports show exhibits.

Prairie dogs are a definite part of the Nebraska scene. They were the first to greet schooners rolling laboriously across the 100th Meridian into the land of prairie dog and buffalo. They are as much a part of the prairie as the guideposts that once led the pioneers westward.

OUTDOOR ELSEWHERE

PENNSYLVANIA ... It might not be steam heat, but as far as three Pennsylvania bobwhite quail are concerned, it's just as good. Last August the quail moved into a Rochester Mills farmyard. By the time cold weather arrived, they were acquainted with the pigs, even to the point of getting between them to take advantage of the heat.

WASHINGTON, D.C. . . . According to the Sport Fishing Institute, by the end of September last year 39 states had already had numerous fish kills caused by water pollution. The other 11 states were expected to send in similar reports by the end of the year. A progress report from the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare suggested that fish were killed by pollution at the rate of about one million a month in 1961.

COLORADO . . . There's a canine conservationist named Jiggs who is doing a top job of preserving deer from death on the highway. A cross between a gun-shy weimaraner and a black labrador, Jiggs has made it his business to keep deer away from the roadway. He hurtles his 60 pounds of black fur at jay-walking deer, and they usually don't even stop to see what it is. Jiggs teaches a good lesson. After the scare, the deer won't return for a couple of weeks. After a second lesson from Jiggs, they'll stay away for a month or two.

ILLINOIS ... If you run across an American eagle with a red, yellow, or orange-striped tail, don't get excited. It's neither communist infiltration nor a visitor from outer space. Three adult bald eagles have been duded up with fancy tails in hopes of providing markings by which their movements can be followed to help learn why the big birds are disappearing from much of their former range.

SURPLUS CENTER

AHO KAA GAY

Winnebagos are also looking to tourism as an answer to many of their economic and social problems. Like the Omahas, they have many outstanding timbered sites along the big river that could be developed into a park. Much of the area is in second-growth timber and there are plenty of scenic overlooks and bluffs that could be developed into outdoor recreation areas.

The Winnebagos are not native to Nebraska. They arrived here only after an arduous series of moves that took them from their homeland in Wisconsin to Minnesota to South Dakota and finally Nebraska. Their background is different from the Omahas and other Plains tribes. They were forest Indians, an association they feel today, as is reflected in the leaf designs of their costumes and the maintenance of thick forest stands along the river.

It was just such a setting that lured the first Winnebagos to shore after their flight from the sickness and despair that had overtaken their people in South Dakota. Soon other canoes followed and the Omaha's land became a haven for the homeless tribe. Many finally made their way back to Wisconsin, but many more remained. They liked the new land, and with money received from the government for their losses, bought a 7 by 24-mile strip of Omaha land in 1865.

Many of their ancient customs are seen at powwow time. A variety of dances reflect their close ties with an agrarian way of life. Their powwow celebrates the return of the Omaha scouts after the Civil War. Many Winnebago warriors had travelled south to fight in the war between the states and their homecoming from a long journey is an important part of the history of the tribe. The graves of the scouts may still be seen at the tribal cemetery near Winnebago.

Though the Santee Sioux do not hold annual powwows, they actively participate in other tribal gettogethers. They have a great potential as far as recreation development is concerned. Giant Lewis and Clark Lake is right at their back door in Knox County, offering them a chance to cash in on the outdoor recreation boom.

Nebraska's Indians look to the future with expectation. For a moment, at least, the hard months are gone and the warm summer sun holds promise of new life in Indian land, the promise of individual opportunity, the promise of a healthy, vibrant community, the promise "to face the future standing up straight." Aho kaa gay—accept the Indians' invitation to share with them the bold challenge of the future.

SPEAK UP

"If you think that you will get another $1.75 out of me for your OUTDOOR Nebraska, you have another guess coming. I would not give 15* for it, let alone $1.75. I think that it is about as poor a sport magazine as I have ever read."—Nick Simons, Stuart.

The above letter to "Speak Up" in the March issue of OUTDOOR Nebraska drew a flurry of comments from readers. Their reaction is printed below. Needless to say, OUTDOOR Nebraska is mighty proud of the support of its thousands of subscribers and is anxious to continue to earn that support through the publication of the state's leading outdoor recreation and vacation magazine. —Editor.

"We disagree with the man from Stuart, Nebraska. My family and I enjoy OUTDOOR Nebraska very much. We read it from cover to cover and can hardly wait for the next issue.

"We have learned many things about hunting and fishing from OUTDOOR Nebraska. We also like the variety of stories. So we DISAGREE."—Fred Johns, Gordon.

"So you put me out on a limb and won't send me my April issue unless I pay up? I read this OUTDOOR Nebraska isn't worth 15*. My, my, I sure feel sorry for anyone that can't get more out of OUTDOOR Nebraska than 15*.

"Send me a three-year subscription and don't forget my April issue, even if it isn't worth more than 15*. I couldn't miss it for 30*."—W. A. Carter, Grand Island.

"I suggest Mr. Nick Simons of Stuart compare OUTDOOR Nebraska with other state magazines before he so roughly criticizes such a fine publication.

"Since Mr. Simons fails to show a basic reason for his dislike of OUTDOOR Nebraska, I can only assume that he fails to grasp the wonderful thing the magazine does for the people of the state.

"If an appraisal of OUTDOOR Nebraska were made, the results would show Mr. Simons standing in a low, low minority." —Larry Richard, Grand Island.

"You publish a great magazine. Of all the outdoor magazines I subscribe to, yours tops them all. Keep up the good work."—Dr. L. W. Drahola, D.D.S., Dodge.

"This is the first time in my life that I have ever answered an article in a magazine but I can't stand still for such a character writing about a magazine such as our OUTDOOR Nebraska.

"I worked at the Valentine State Fish Hatchery for four years and hauled a lot of fish around Stuart and fortunately I've never had the pleasure of running into a pessimist such as Nick Simons. As far as I'm concerned we sportsmen can do very well without his kind. I am also sure the ranchers and sportsmen in that part of the Sand Hills are ashamed such a letter would come from their area."—Cecil Owen, Grand Island.

"I feel sorry for that fellow Nick Simons. I don't believe he would be interesting to talk to. I file my OUTDOOR Nebraska for reference and by using them I can answer almost any question about outdoor sports in Nebraska.

"Every issue will have at least one article worth keeping. Last month it was 'NEBRASKAland's Own' and 'Dog Talk.' I would like to see more on dogs because we need them to help harvest our game. This month my favorites were 'Stream to Aquarium', 'Butte Country Buck', and 'How to Buy a Boat'. I'll take OUTDOOR Nebraska as it is."—B. D. Lofgreen, Beaver City.

"I read Nick Simons' letter in the March issue and was I surprised, for I think OUTDOOR Nebraska is a very fine magazine. It is printed on good paper with nice large type that is readable for us oldsters. It covers the entire outdoor field of Nebraska with good pictures and articles about our state's woods and waters, instructive articles about our game and fish, and informative stories about our parks and recreation grounds. I enjoyed Roy Owens' tall tales and think our conservation officers are doing a good job." —Lester Childers, Fairbury.

"Poor old Nick Simons. I sure feel sorry for him. He probably doesn't lay down his book of poems and get out of his rocking chair long enough to take advantage of just a few of the many things OUTDOOR Nebraska has showed and told us about.

"What does he expect for $2, a Sears catalog every month? I take four sports and boating magazines and OUTDOOR Nebraska would be the last one I would drop. Keep up the good work.

"The State Capitol story alone was worth more than $2."—Harold Hopp, Cook.

"Since Nick Simons of Stuart doesn't like OUTDOOR Nebraska as indicated by his sharp remarks in the March issue, he perhaps won't read anymore and therefore miss these comments.

"He must bear in mind that the magazine reads 'OUTDOOR Nebraska,' not 'OUTDOOR U.S.A.' or the 'World'. Anyone can see that it is intended as a state magazine even though we get outside information as well. This isn't just a sports magazine, it has sports, history, current events, outside events, and many educational subjects. I am very much satisfied and I'm sure many are. I wonder what Mr. Simons could publish with the same financial figures as you. Perhaps his friends will give him a gift subscription to prove him wrong.

"I commend OUTDOOR Nebraska for a fine job and a fine magazine."—Robert Fonfara, Omaha.

"My dad, Carl Wennersten, and Johnny Biegert, both of Shickley, jumped a fox south of town. He ran into the middle of town. Then, with both men in pursuit, he ran through my dad's yard, and escaped. One can certainly see how the term 'foxy' has come into use."—Dora Wennersten, Shickley.

notes on Nebraska fauna ...

KANGAROO RAT

AS DAYLIGHT surrenders the warm land to night, the nocturnal animals begin to stir from their resting places. A coyote stretches and yawns in the fast-waning light. An owl tries his wings a flap or two, blinking his large eyes as he looks over his domain. As some animals prepare to retire, others prepare for the night's prowling.

Below the sandy surface of the land of sparse vegetation, many underground animals are beginning to shake off the long, lazy sleep. Even before the sun-loving wildlife have completely settled down for the long, cool night, some of the ground dwellers including the kangaroo rat begin to return to the ground's surface. The first sign of this fascinating creature is a slight movement of sand at the base of a shrub where the blowing sand has been deposited. First a nose pad, then a pair of large round eyes well adapted for nocturnal life appear. After a short 34 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA   pause the nose moves more sand away and an entrance to an underground burrow is revealed.

Standing beside his burrow, the kangaroo rat shakes himself and stands still for a moment, trying to detect danger. Satisfied that the coast is clear, he ventures forth into the darkness with his characteristic kangaroo hop, six inches at a time. He pauses occasionally to test the air and listen to check for sounds or movements that may mean danger.

Completely satisfied, the unique animal moves to the limit of his dark domain. The industrious rat stops at nearly every plant to harvest the seeds and fruits of grasses and forbs. These are stored for the lean months ahead.

By laying in a food supply, the kangaroo rat is able to live in a country of sparse vegetative growth. He works from dusk to dawn if not molested, making many trips to his burrow to store the harvested crop in storage chambers.

The rodent, Dipodomys ordii, is well named. He is almost a perfect miniature for a kangaroo, his long legs carrying him over the sandy terrain. Nor does the similarity end there. The rat boasts a pouch, too, only in his cheeks. And his long tail, forelegs, and method of motivation all combine to make him a small look-alike.

Two subspecies of the family live here, luteolus and richardsoni. Actually, there are at least 20 species and more than 50 races of kangaroo rats. Dipodomys ordii has the largest distribution of the family. Overall, the rats range throughout the arid and semi-arid land of western North America, extending from a region south of Mexico City to just past the Canadian line. The rat can be found in Nebraska in suitable habitat west of State Highway 14.

This mammal leads a precarious existance. Except for his speed and agility, he relies upon the darkness of night for his survival. His usual range is in dry and sandy areas. Looking over the terrain, one wonders how any animal could survive such harsh living conditions, especially in the desert country of the Southwest. Vegetation is sparse, water is scarce, and there are numerous wild predators ready to take their toll.

Always being preyed upon by nocturnal predators such as owls, coyotes, foxes, badgers, bobcats, and others, the kangaroo rat has developed into a highspeed, short-burst, fast-turning mammal. He can accomplish leaps from 18 to 24 inches at a time, a real jump considering his size. When being pursued and unable to reach his burrow, the rat takes shelter in one of the many temporary refuges located at strategic points over his domain.

The many entrances to the burrows are relatively large so that the speeding rat can enter on a dead run when being pursued. The long, twisting tunnels may go four levels below the surface of the ground. These connect resting, sleeping, food storage, nest, and toilet chambers. The kangaroo rat is a relatively clean and fastidious housekeeper. During the day the entrances are plugged with soil. In the dry desert regions this helps retain the precious moisture in the air contained in their underground home. Plugging also keeps small uninvited visitors out.

His is a rather lonely life. It is usually only at mating time that the rat gets together with his kind. And this isn't often a friendly affair. There are numerous sparring matches and actual combat between those trying to win a mate. A swift, powerful blow from the hind legs sometimes incapacitates the victim to such an extent that he dies. Usually, however, the loser sneaks away to find another adversary not quite so tough as the first.

The peak of mating activities occurs during March and April. The 2 to 5 young are tiny, pink, wrinkled, and helpless at birth. At about two weeks, the young open their eyes. By then they are well-furred. The small rats are weaned after 3V2 weeks and may leave their burrows at 4 to 6 weeks. Even the late arrivals are able to produce young the following spring or early summer. The rat's life-expectancy is believed to be two years.

Size of the kangaroo rat ranges from 9 to 15 inches. These are over-all measurements and give a false impression of size, since the tails may make up more than half the total length.

On a cool summer night when you are driving through the Sand Hills region, stop for a moment and listen for the howl of a coyote. You may even see one or two and a few night-prowling owls nearby. Then you can be sure these fleet-footed rats are scurrying to the safety of their burrows.

MERMAID Safe