The TEN COMMANDMENTS OF SAFETY

Recommended by The Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute "Safety First—Always!"

Make That Your Motto

1

Treat every gun with the respect due a loaded gun. This is the cardinal rule of gun safety.

2

Carry only empty guns, taken down or with the action open, into your automobile, camp and home.

3

Always be sure that the barrel and action are clear of obstructions.

4

Always carry your gun so that you can control the direction of the muzzle even if you stumble.

5

Be sure of your target before you pull the trigger.

6

Never point a gun at anything you do not xuant to shoot.

7

Never leave your gun unattended unless you unload it first.

8

Never climb a tree or a fence with a loaded gun.

9

Never shoot at a flat, hard surface or the surface of water.

10

Do not mix gunpowder and alcohol.

OUTDOOR NEBRASKA 3

Present Outlook for Pheasants Best in State's History

AT 8 A. M., C.S.T. on October 20, 1940, thousands of Nebraska hunters will be on the firing line with the trusty old shotgun, ready to start Nebraska's fourteenth annual hunt for the wary chink.

Reports from conservation officers in the field indicate that favorable weather conditions during the past hatching season have added greatly to our supply of pheasants in Nebraska.

Hunters going into the fields this fall should not have much trouble getting a bag of birds, or have to travel far from home, as they are scattered over most of the state, with the exception of the counties in the southeastern part of the state that are closed for restocking. In addition to the natural increase, thousands of pheasants raised at our game farms and the 51 local units sponsored by 4-H and sportsmen's clubs over the state, have been liberated on the many game sanctuaries on which no shooting is permitted.

All liberated pheasants have been banded before being turned loose, and hunters killing banded birds, that have strayed from sanctuaries into open territory, should report the number and date found on the leg band and the place where they were killed to the Game Commission at Lincoln. This report will assist in the study of the migratory habits of the pheasants within the state.

The season will open at 8 A. M., C.S.T. October 20th, and continue until 5 P. M. each day until the evening of November 2nd.

The entire state will be open to pheasant hunting except game farms, sanctuaries and the following counties closed for restocking: Adams, Cass, Clay, Fillmore, Gage, Jefferson, Johnson, Lancaster, Nemaha, Nuckolls, Otoe, Pawnee, Richardson, Saline, Sarpy, Thayer and Webster.

Hunters will be permitted to take a bag of 5 pheasants daily or have 5 in possession during this open season, one of which may be a hen.

Due to a great concentration of pheasants in the North Platte River Valley, a second season will open at 8 A. M., C.S.T. on November 10th, in Scotts Bluff, Morrill, Garden, Keith, Lincoln and Logan Counties and continue until 5 P. M. C.S.T., each day until the evening of November 16th. The daily bag and possession limit for this second season will be 3 male pheasants.

In order to conform with the new Federal regulations on the storage or possession of migratory waterfowl, hunters will be permitted to keep migratory waterfowl in possession until January 4, 1941, or 20 days following the close of the season.

The same privilege will be granted on the possession of pheasants and they may be held in possession 20 days following the close of the second season, but all pheasants must be removed from storage and disposed of not later than December 6th. All pheasants dressed or placed in storage must have the heads left on the carcass for identification. Through careful conservation and propagation by the Game Department, hunters should have the most successful hunting season this fall in the history of Nebraska.

STORAGE OF GAME OR FISH

No game or fish protected by Nebraska laws may be placed in cold storage in any licensed cold storage plant, butcher shop, ice cream factory, ice house or other places used for refrigerating purposes, except by the lawful owner of such game or fish in his own name, and the same further tagged with a cold storage tag on which will be placed the date, the name of the owner, his or her address, place where taken, and the hunting or fishing permit number.

This cold storage tag will be signed by both the owner of the game or fish and the cold storage plant operator, and the lower half of the tag will be mailed to the Game, Forestation and Parks Commission at Lincoln, Nebraska.

Under the new Federal regulations, migratory game birds may be held in possession 20 days following the close of the open season for such game; migratory waterfowl, on which the season closes December 14th, may be held in possession until January 3, 1941.

The same privileges will be granted on the possession of pheasants and they may be held in possession 20 days following the close of the open season. Pheasants taken during the first open season, October 20th to November 2nd, can be held in possession up to and including 20 days following the close of the second open season, November 10th to November 16th, but all pheasants must be removed from storage not later than December 6, 1940.

Not more than six geese, 20 ducks and five pheasants can be held in storage or possession at one time by one hunter or under one hunting permit.

Cold storage tags are available at the office of the Game, Forestation and Parks Commission at Lincoln, Nebraska.

W. H. LYTLE, Acting Secretary, Game, Forestation and Parks Commission.

The Commission's annual sale of confiscated guns was held at 2 P.M., Saturday afternoon, September 21st, and was well attended and highly successful.

A total of 65 shotguns and rifles was sold at an average of $11.09 each.

E. Sinner of Culbertson, formerly with the Department, and Ralph Fortna of Lincoln, were the auctioneers.

Perhaps without banding records, ornithologists would not know that the redhead duck migrates east and west, and vice versa, not north and south, as do most migrants.

4 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA

Dawn Hunter

Tab Was a Cat With Two Lives—One a Purring Pet, the Other a Dark Destroyer By CHARLES NEWTON ELLIOTT

Reprinted from "Outdoor Georgia"

TAB wandered upwind, unhurriedly, picking her way with silent ease among the dead leaves and dried grass stalks. Occasionally she paused and thrust her delicate ears up into the passing air currents. Once when dry leaves rustled ahead of her, she flattened her body to the ground and was motionless for many minutes. The noise was not repeated and Tab resumed her silent, sinister way upwind. This dawn she was the hunter.

Tab looked, in the dim light, like a miniature reproduction of some fierce feline ancestor of another age. Her stealthiness, her soft gray body marked with almost imperceptible black stripes, her green, unwinking eyes, all might have been born in the dawn of creation and handed down through the centuries to Tab.

The cat's presence in the wilderness swamp and meadow did not portend good for the smaller creatures that made their homes there. Many times during the day and night did she hunt like this, and so sure was her stalk, so swift and certain was her spring, and so keen were her claws, that she took heavy toll among the furred and feathered inhabitants of the tiny swamp where she ranged.

Suddenly she paused in the very act of lifting her foot and in the same movement became invisible against the ground. A small, white-footed mouse, eater of seeds, insects and rootlets, came down one of his tiny swamp trails, leaving bird-like tracks behind him.

As the mouse scampered in front of her, Tab shot out a lightning-like paw from her body. Her blow was quick and hard. No gasp of breath came from the white-foot's body, no scream. Death had been too swift, too sudden.

Tab was disdainful of the choice morsel. She killed for sport, making no pretense of the fact that she was on her way to a more regal breakfast. She knew where a covey of quail lived in a field beyond the swamp, and she wanted one, perhaps two, for her morning meal. She was hungry, but the hunt had not been completed.

Darkness grew thinner in the swamp, and full daylight fell upon Tab when she gained the brown, open sedge field beyond. Here was her favorite hunting ground. Many rabbits, many of the smaller birds and rodents lived here, and Tab could stalk them under the cover of the brown sedge. She pushed up her head into the wind. It was against her right cheek, so she turned left and followed the edge of the field until she came directly across it from the way in which the wind was blowing.

She stood for a long time with her ears in the air, exhibiting the remarkable patience of the wild. Her sense of smell was rudimentary, hardly sharper than that of the humans to whom she belonged, and Tab hunted altogether by her ears and eyes. No sound coming across the field escaped her. No movement went unseen.

Presently she growled softly in her throat. To her sensitive ears had come the faint language of quail. Tab slunk to her belly and began the long stalk upwind. She did not hurry, for she knew she had plenty of time before the birds left their roost. She picked her way from clump to clump of the sedge grass, drifting like a gray shadow nearer and nearer the quail. Her long tail twitched almost imperceptibly and her eyes snapped with fierce green light. She had not seen the birds, but she knew where they were and her pulse beat fast.

A white-throated sparrow almost flew into her, when it came down wind and dropped into the high grass, flying fast. Tab slapped viciously at it and missed. The white-throat swung upward wfdly and shot for the cover of the swamp. Tab crouched a moment before she continued her stealthy crawl.

A low, warning note from one of the quail brought them all close to the earth just before Tab sprang. She knew that the birds were young and inexperienced, for she had preyed before on this covey. She set her body, sprang, and they rose on startled, roaring wings. Even in the air, the cat made lightning jabs with her paw. Her death blows were accurate. Two birds fell. The remainder of the covey roared away.

Tab crouched and made a hot meal of the two plump bodies. When nothing but a pile of feathers was left, she trotted across the field, on her way home. As usual, she followed the fence row, but today she noticed something she had not seen before. A mocking bird sang by one of the honeysuckle clumps. Tab stopped and watched curiously.

Presently to her sharp ears came the low chirp of young birds. Twice before during the spring and summer, Tab had broken up the home of this bird, and the mocker had made one last despairing effort to raise a family before the end of summer. Without hesitation, Tab climbed into the honeysuckle vine and to the nest she saw near the thick top. Three young birds were only a morsel each, but they Were delicious. She calmly ate them while the mother bird circled around her, darting at her head, uttering screams of protest.

(Continued on page 14)

OUTDOOR NEBRASKA 5

Poor Fish

By J. M. MERRITT, Superintendent of Fish Hatcheries

WHOEVER coined the phrase "poor fish" supplied a most applicable term in describing the present status of these inhabitants of our natural lakes in Nebraska, or, in any summary of their probable future status if the conditions which brought about the loss of these waters are to continue. Without first hand knowledge it is nearly impossible to realize that these lakes have all but disappeared.

Reams have been written and numberless resolutions passed in advice, in protest, and in solution as to the cause, the blame, and as to whether there is a means of restoration and what it may be. It all adds up to the age-old conflict between man and wildlife as to who shall survive, with the verdict always in favor of man.

A lake with its surrounding acres of marsh and rushes is drained to provide more hay or tilled land. At once, the only possible habitat of the fish in the lake and of the waterfowl and shore birds is permanently destroyed. Eroding farm lands and over-grazed pastures contribute to the sudden runoff of sediment-bearing water which not only fills lakes, ponds and bayous with silt, but dissipates at its source, the ground water which determines lake levels.

The situation is not peculiar to Nebraska alone. Other mid-western states face the same general conditions, although our sandhill lakes, being characteristically shallow and with pervious bottoms, have suffered a high percentage of loss. Certainly, not ten per cent of our former sandhill lakes now support fish life, and this loss continues.

There is no doubt that the persistent drouth has contributed to the loss of our lakes, but it has merely precipitated a condition at which we would inevitably arrive in any event. It is futile to simply wait for the lakes to come back and to ignore the fact that they have been largely destroyed by an apparently henceforth permanent condition involving drainage, water utilization and denudation of watersheds.

However, everything isn't going to pot. Water utilization, insofar as it applies to storage, has been on the whole, beneficial, and Nebraska fishermen are grateful for each acre thus impounded although the usefulness of many such projects is impaired by widely fluctuating shore lines which often makes it necessary to remove fish in the late summer and fall months. Artificially impounded water, including sand and gravel pits, has supplied fully 90 per cent of the still water fishing in Nebraska in 1940, which, in many instances, was fairly good. The point is, and we will take this up later, that we are depending almost wholly upon impounded water at present and with the future offering little choice in the matter.

The same factors which have adversely affected lake fishing, have, in the same manner, affected stream fishing. The Platte and Loup Rivers resemble but little the clear, surging streams which they were at one time and no one, with a conception of watershed conditions and future plans for water utilization on upstream sites, will expect them to improve. However, river fishing in Nebraska is largely a matter of channel catfish, an adaptable fellow who will thrive in almost any reasonably good water and upon a wide variety of foods. While they do not propagate in non-flowing water, artificial propagation has reached a high plane of efficiency and protective laws in boundary streams may be enacted.

It is probable that much of the catfish taken in the future will be artificially produced and placed in upstream branches since he cannot pass the multitude of dams nor successfully breed in the polluted and unstable flows that is rapidly becoming a feature of the lower river. Trout are less affected by adverse water conditions than any other game fish species for the reason that their entire growth from egg to adult can be controlled in a strictly artificial environment.

It is the basses, crappie, bluegill, pike, perch and bullheads that require open water areas and natural food, and these are the species that you will have in exact proportion to the water areas available for them. This brings us to the point we proposed to take up later, namely, our apparent dependence, present and future, upon artificial bodies of water for our lake and pond fishing.

It should be kept in mind that, other factors being equal, a lake will produce these species only in relation to its area, just as an acre of land will produce but half as much as two acres. Again citing the comparison, it would be as great a fallacy to expect to increase the potential production of fish by planting ten times as many, as to sow ten bushels of seed where one bushel produces the maximum. In other words, small lake, little fishing. It is not within the realm of possibility to provide fishing lakes with adult pond fish in worthwhile numbers from hatcheries, because they cannot be grown upon artificial foods in restricted areas.

If then, artificial water areas are the solution to the diminishing lake fishing, where could suitable sites be found? Eastern Nebraska, because of its heavier average rainfall, more impervious soils with a greater proportionate runoff and sedimentation problems, does not offer lake sites comparable with the sandhills region. Pre-requisite in selection of such sites are, in order, permanency, an absolutely dependable and controllable water supply; and as large an area as possible with a completed cost and a continuing overhead cost that could be compared favorably with any other business venture that proposes to pay dividends.

Without going into the merits of specific sites, there are excellent locations on the Snake River, Boardman's Creek, Schlegel Creek, Upper Gordon's Creek, Chip Creek, Bear Creek, Goose Creek, Upper Elkhorn and Niobrara Rivers and the upper Middle and North Loup Rivers. The list could be extended to fifty suitable sites and would provide dependable lakes under any conditions that we can foresee.

It will be generally agreed among all proponents of plans to aid wildlife that any broad conception of the problem automatically recognizes water areas as basic. If this statement is accepted as fact, what better foundation for a well-planned and continuing aid to all wildlife can be conceived than a program for restoration of water areas by artificial means. After all, the only important difference between a desert and an oasis is one of water.

Contrary to popular belief the capacious bag with which the pelican's bill is provided is never used for the purpose of carrying fish. Fish captured by the pelican are swallowed, and if subsequently used to feed the young they are regurgitated by the parent bird.

EDITORIAL

Nebraska hunters will have 15 extra days to shoot ducks and geese this coming season, and they will not have to wait until 7 A. M. to begin shooting, according to new Federal regulations received by the State Game Commission.

The season in Nebraska has been extended from 45 to 60 days, opening October 16th and closing December 14th, and shooting can begin at sunrise.

A decided increase in the duck and goose population throughout the breeding grounds was given as the reason for this additional 15 days of shooting.

It is a known fact that the waterfowl killed in Nebraska during the open season are hatched and reared in the northern part of Canada from whence they first take flight, yet by far the greater portion of these birds are shot in the United States where the number of bird hunters is said to exceed the entire population of the country in which they were hatched. Under these new liberal regulations Nebraska hunters should have a successful shooting season this fall, but we do not recommend that hunters go out from day to day throughout the open season and shoot the bag limit of birds. Several years ago we received a letter from an irate hunter stating that we must do something to bring back the ducks or he was going to quit spending a dollar for a hunting permit. "Due to the short season and reduced bag limit, I killed only 168 ducks this fall," he stated. For the best interests of the breeding stock too many geese were killed in some parts of the state last season, although hunters stayed within the bag limit. Do not let us have a repetition of this, this year. Let us be more conservative in our killing and just take what we need, and by so doing we can send more birds back to their nesting grounds this coming spring.

Hunting Hints Open Season

Ducks—October 16th to December 14th.

Geese—October 16th to December 14th.

Pheasants—October 20th to November 2nd.

Pheasants (Second Season)—Nov. 10th to Nov. 16th.

Squirrels—October 1st to November 30th.

Raccoon—November 1st to February 1st.

Rabbits—January 1st to December 31st.

Hours

Ducks and Geese—Sunrise to 4 P. M.

Pheasants—7 A. M. M.S.T. or 8 A. M. C.S.T. to 4 P. M. M.S.T. or 5 P.M. C.S.T.

Squirrels—7 A.M. to 6 P.M.

Rabbits—7 A. M. to 6 P. M.

Limits

One hen pheasant only in bag of 5, first season.

No more than 3 canvasbacks, redheads, buffleheads or ruddy ducks a day, or 6 in possession.

No more than 10 ducks a day or 20 in possession.

No more than 3 geese a day or 6 in possession.

Bag—3 cock pheasants, second season.

OUTDOOR NEBRASKA 7

HOW PAUL BUNYAN BROUGHT CONSERVATION TO AMERICA

by Art Hyde

ONE day when Paul Bunyan was walking along with Babe, his big blue ox, taking county-wide steps, he came plump up against Lake Future. If you've ever heard any stories about the Northwest, you know that Lake Future is a lake in which you can see things as they are to be.

Well, Paul should have known better, but his curiosity got the better of him and he took a look into Lake Future, and one look was enough! He let off a soughing like an Antartic hurricane, causing cattle in the faraway Texas panhandle to stampede. For he saw that all the lakes had been fished out, all the buffaloes he liked to use for sandwich filling were gone, forests he used for tooth-picks were chopped down, most of the game was gone and the streams were full of pollution.

"By Gar," he cried. "Ain't that something awful? Ain't that a crime. I got to stop that from happening. I don't want to live in a country with no hunting and fishing."

So he called all his men around him and asked them what they could do about it. There was a lot of loud chin music, but none of them knew the answer. They all said that if the time came when there weren't any forests, nor hunting, nor fishing, they'd pack up their kits and move over to the moon.

Paul said he guessed he'd have to find the answer himself. So he started walking around the world looking for an answer. Every time he came to an ocean he jumped nimbly over it.

Well, he globe-walked and globe-trotted for years and years until he had worn a patch clean around the world—that's how the equator got started.

Finally he came to a country not much bigger than a fisherman's reach. Though he didn't hardly expect to find an answer there because the country was all mountains, he stopped to watch the queer things the people were doing.

Instead of plowing their land straight, like farmers always had done, they were making a crazy-quilt of the ground, plowing around hills and leaving patches of soil unplowed here and there. Some of the men were even planting seedling trees instead of leaving Nature grow them the way she always had. They were dumping fish, instead of rubbish, into streams and releasing game birds and animals.

"What in thunderation is going on here? What do you think you're doing?" bellowed Bunyan.

"We're practicing Conservation," answered one of the men. "We're saving our forests and soil and game and fish."

"What is Conservation?" asked Paul.

"Well, it's hard to describe," said the man. "You can't see it but you can feel it."

"Well, if it saves forests, soil, game and fish, I want one even if you can't see it," said Paul. So he grabbed and reached around the country until suddenly he felt something big and knew he had hold of Conservation.

He swung the heavy thing over his shoulder and started back to America.

Well sir, by the next afternoon he was back in the North Woods. He sat the critter down and put one foot on it to keep it from running away. Then he reached over a couple of miles or so and picked up half a forest by the roots. He drove the trees into the ground with his fist and soon he had a pen a mile square into which he popped the Conservation animal.

Well, folks from all over the state came to see the critter and then folks from the whole country trouped in and stood around the pen and looked in. "There ain't no such animal," some of them said —that's how that expression got started.

Others said, "So that's Conservation. That's just what we need." So they went back home and told all their neighbors about Conservation and made speeches about Conservation and gave dinners in Conservation's honor.

Finally everybody was talking about Conservation; Conservation this, Conservation that. But nobody knew exactly what Conservation was. Some thought it was doing this. Some thought it was not doing that. Shooting this. Not shooting that. But no one knew exactly what it was.

And while they were gabbing and blabbing, game was being killed off, forests were being cut down and topsoil was being washed into the ocean.

Finally Paul Bunyan, who had been taking this all in, decided to call a halt. "This has got to stop," he bellowed.

So he called everybody who was anybody and some that weren't—scientists, farmers, coonhunters, butterfly-chasers, foxhunters, fishermen, skishermen, biologists, zoologists, ichthyologists, botanists, ecologists, agronomists and a guy named Jake. And they all met at the big pen where Paul kept the Conservation critter.

"Well, boys," said Paul, "it's time we got together. Don't any of you try to kid me. None of you has seen Conservation. How'd it be if each of you went in there and found out what Conservation really is —and take it easy."

So they all lined up and each one went in and grabbed hold of Conservation.

After they had all filed out again, Paul said: "Well, what is Conservation?"

"It's a fish," said the fisherman. "I felt its tail."

"It's part rabbit, part pheasant and part coon," said the hunter.

"I beg to differ," said the agronomist, "but it's plain to see that it's contourpianting."

(Continued on page 13)

8 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA

Pheasant Co-Ops Produce Twenty Tons of Pheasants

By L. P. VANCE Supervisor of Cooperative Projects

During the rearing season just finished, those 51 sportsmen's organizations sponsoring cooperative pheasant rearing units liberated a total of 13,489 pheasants, which, at an average weight of over three pounds each, weigh 40,467 pounds. TWENTY TONS! More pheasants and bigger pheasants for our sportsmen to enjoy in the next several years.

The Nebraska Game Commissioners are indeed proud of the efforts put forth by the various individuals and groups in rearing almost 13,500 pheasants from less than 17,000 day-old pheasant poults started. These cooperators raised 80.2 per cent of their birds:

No. Birds No. Birds Unit: Started Liberated Albion 459 401 Alliance 460 393 Alma 236 161 Ashland 217 207 Auburn 460 287 Aurora 218 198 Beatrice 437 368 Beaver City 221 198 Bertrand 220 217 Blair 460 439 Callaway 240 100 Chadron 440 378 Clay Center 450 342 Columbus 460 294 Crawford 220 141 Crete 460 4:3 Culbertson 220 147 Curtis 217 190 David City 420 363 Elwood 220 210 Franklin 240 226 Genoa 463 315 Gladstone 480 4"2 Grand Island 440 388 Gordon 440 313 Hay Springs 217 151 Hemingford 240 199 Holdrege 460 385 Humboldt 440 317 Kearney 240 183 Lincoln 440 274 Lyons 220 114 McCook 220 202 Memphis 219 191 Minden 460 355 Neligh 429 331 North Bend 220 183 Osmond 220 96 Papillion 440 393 Pierce 220 206 Platte Center 430 3"3 Red Cloud 460 3°9 Rushville 460 327 Schuyler 440 268 Shelton 216 21 Shickley 230 225 South Sioux City 220 202 St. Paul 215 195 Stratton 215 180 York 440 390 Total16,806 13,489

All birds produced in the cooperative units were liberated on refuge areas that will be closed to all hunting for a five-year period. It is expected that the birds liberated on these refuge areas having abundant feed, cover and nesting areas will reproduce to a point where population pressure will cause the birds to spread over the surrounding farm areas and will make exceptionally good hunting.

All of the birds liberated are banded with a small metal tag which has printed on it: "Notify State Game Commission, Lincoln, Nebraska", and a number. It is requested that every sportsman shooting a banded bird notify us by sending in the band number and information as to where the bird was killed. We, in turn, will be glad to send you sportsmen information regarding where the bird was liberated. From the band numbers returned to us, we will be able to determine stocking policies, to learn about how far these birds will migrate, the direction of migration, and the expected length of life of our pheasants.

OUTDOOR NEBRASKA 9

In The Mail

FISH THIEVES To The Editor:

When a man leaves his labor in order to find recreation with hook and line, he expects and enjoys the bait-stripping antics of the turtle and gar. This is part of the game, and he enjoys it. When a catfish comes along, and is caught, it is the fisherman's reward—a reward which he preserves as a trophy to be enjoyed at his table. The fisherman with this spirit naturally enjoys tramping up and down the banks of the river and expects such tricks as those played by Mr. Gar and Mr. Turtle. However, there are certain limits which this big-hearted fisherman will tolerate.

It is with increasing disgust that we observe the antics of these lowest of scavengers—the two-legged river rat who steals the trophies of a day's recreation. Surely they use them for table food. We wonder how stolen fish taste to the rat and fish thief who knows he is guilty of stealing another man's recreation.

—HENRY REIDER. To The Editor:

Among the several articles written about predatory animals, the writer has not seen the badger mentioned. Perhaps one of its depredations has not been discovered. If not, here is a discovery I recently made:

In one corner of our cave there is a box that a laying hen has chosen as a nest. From time to time I have promptly taken the eggs, but last week failed to do so. Noticed one morning that there were three in the nest. The following morning I found that they had disappeared. Another egg was left over night and it also came up missing.

The mystery was solved later when I saw a large badger coming from the cave. I imagined there was a disappointed expression on his face as he found no eggs.

Since it is quite apparent that that particular M vulgaris is egg-minded, is it not probable that others of its kind destroy game birds' eggs wherever they find them? Having several times during the nesting season heard cock pheasants cackling alarms far into the night I assume that possibly it was a roaming badger that disturbed them.

I shall be pleased to learn if other observers have suspected that badgers are egg thieves.

—GURD. H. NICHOLS. 704 12th Street, Aurora, Nebraska. Lee Lilledoll, Sutton, Nebraska. Dear Friend Lee:

I expect you think me a fine one that I haven't written to you. Well, I have a partial excuse—have been up in the sand hills ever since I saw you, causing the abandonment of the Greeley-Ericson line in Wheeler-Greeley County. Hated to see it happen, but guess it's going to be a common occurrence in the state from now on. We finished Thursday, 3:30 P.M., so the 18 mile line, once a flourishing bit of railroad is no more. The people of Ericson and surround'ng country never dreamed it would come to pass. They felt it was just a bluff on the part of the railroad, but when we moved in on them with our motorized machinery, starting a blitzkrieg which meant the end of any sign of a railroad in Wheeler County, there was sadness—plenty of it in the faces of the Old Timers, who came from back in the hills to watch.

We started on the morning of May 21st. The first thing demolished was the turntable. The bridge men unbolted the whole thing and I loaded it onto a flat car with an "Eagle Crane". When this job was completed we moved to the west end of the yards and at once started taking the railroad. I have the first spike which was driven 52 years ago.

And now an interesting phase of the work, and I know it will interest you-the numerous pheasant nests we saw on the right-of-way as we moved out of Ericson into the country. The first was about three miles out with eleven eggs in it. Another I found to be so close to the track it was under the radions of the moving rails from the ground back to the flat car behind the crane. I stood between the men and the nest until the four rails taken up had passed over the nest (within three feet above) and the old girl stayed on. After we had gotten by I placed a pole with a white handkerchief near the nest to let the tie men who followed know where the nest was. A quarter mile beyond was another "Biddy" on her nest who never moved as we went by.

When we started in on the "last mile" an old couple sat in a dilapidated old car as close as they could get to our work. As we neared them I noticed tears in their eyes, and soon I got the story. They were married when the rails were laid. In fact, he received his money to be married on from work performed on laying the railroad. Now 52 years later he saw us take it away and, like others, they were quite bitter against the storekeepers at Ericson and Bartlett, who gave all their business to the trucks—giving the railroad a free hand in removing their railroad. Such is progression.

Best of wishes,

—BILL. A HUNTER'S LETTER TO HIS SON September 29, 1940. Mr. Jack Wolf, Lincoln, Nebraska. Dear Jack:

Today you have reached that coveted age of 16 and you have entered a new period in your life. Things you do and the habits you now form will have an influence for good or otherwise on your future life and although, in forming good habits the way may seem a little hard to you in the beginning, eventually they will become automatic, so to speak, and you will do the right thing without effort.

You know life is a game and if you use the right tactics and play the game according to rules you will win.

There are rules and regulations to follow in playing all games, and the hunting and fishing game is no different than any other, and, according to the rules of the game, a hunting and fishing permit is required when you reach the age of 16. I am enclosing herewith this permit for you so that you can start the game according to rules.

I hope you will play the game square with our furry, finny and feathered friends as well as all other games you play in life and if you do you will be the winner and the satisfaction you will experience in the effort put forth will be well worth while.

Now that you have reached the age of 16 and are a licensed hunter and fisher, and, although I am away from you most of the time, I sincerely hope that you will not feel that you are too old to tell your troubles or share your joys with

—YOUR DAD.

Note: It is better to take your boy hunting than to go hunting for your boy.—Editor.

PLAY SAFE WHILE HUNTING! Don't forget to secure a permit before going hunting. It is your dollar which provides all the funds for your recreation in the field with gun and dog.

10 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA

Fish Need Oxygen

By PAUL H. ESCHMEYER, Fish Management Agent, in the Ohio Conservation Bulletin.

FORTUNATELY for Ohio fishermen, they are seldom confronted with scenes such as that shown in the accompanying photograph. The shot was made along the shores of the privately-owned Grape Lake, a small, shallow, highly productive body of water which constitutes one of the twelve lakes which make up the Portage Lakes, just south of the city of Akron. The fish shown are mostly bluegills and warmouth bass which have become asphyxiated due to a lack of oxygen beneath the heavy layer of ice and snow which covered the lake for over two months during this past winter.

Such wholesale death of fish during the winter months, in this case first reported by Wilbur Beach, an ardent fisherman of the Portage Lakes district, ordinarily occurs only in very rich lakes which have been subjected to a definite set of winter weather conditions. The relatively mild winters ordinarily experienced in Ohio, accompanied by the fact that not a large number of lakes in the state are of a type highly susceptible to "winter-kill," makes the problems involved less pertinent to Ohio sportsmen than to those of states lying farther north.

Grape Lake averages about two and one-half feet in depth and has a bottom soil composed largely of muck and fibrous and pulpy peate. During the summer months a heavy growth of pickerel weed, pond lilies and other plants completely cover the surface of the lake. Upon the death of these aquatic plants in the fall and early winter, a thick mat of vegetation is formed on the bottom of the lake, in various stages of decomposition. Under such lake conditions the stage is set for winter-kill, such as that pictured above, if the proper weather conditions materialize.

Oxygen Action Explained

During the winter, as well as during other seasons of the year, the oxygen supply of a lake is being constantly augmented by oxygen supplied by the activities of both submerged green plants, such as water weed, water milfoil, coontail, and others, and large numbers of free swimming microscopic plants ("phytoplankton"). The green pigment ("chlorophyll") of such plants, in the presence of sunlight, chemically combines carbon dioxide and water to form a simple sugar (used by the plant for food), with the release of free oxygen, by the process known as "photosynthesis."

If light is withheld from the plants, the process cannot continue. As a result, in a lake such as described above, if the ice becomes covered with a layer of snow too thick to permit the passage of light, photosynthesis stops. Not only is oxygen no longer set free by the plants, but they actually consume it in their respiration, with the release of carbon dioxide. Add to this the fact that large quantities of oxygen are used, in a lake such as Grape Lake, by the decaying organic matter lying on the bottom, in the course of its decomposition, and one soon sees why a situation such as the one pictured would appear. The oxygen supply becomes depleted to a point where fish can no longer survive, and suffocation of large numbers results.

Such winter-kill, as is evident from the above description, is not due merely to the fact that the ice cover seals the lake from access to the air, as is commonly argued by some fishermen. Most lakes, especially the deeper ones, have a sufficient supply of oxygen in their waters to carry over a fish population through even the most severe winter, without serious depletion of the supply.

All fish are not affected equally severely, as might possibly be expected, as some species exhibit a greater tolerance for a lowered oxygen supply than others. In the lake mentioned above, although it seemed probable that all bluegills had died, warmouth bass were seen to survive in some numbers. Brown bullheads present in the lake were hardiest of all. As a matter of fact, in a collection of the fish taken from the lake for parasite study, which was placed in a moist situation and stored overnight at a temperature near the freezing point, several of the bullheads, upon "thawing out" the next morning, showed considerable signs of life, being apparently little worse off for the experience.

Remedies Suggested

A number of means for remedying the situation as outlined above have been suggested by investigators, most of which point toward increasing the amount of oxygen in the water by artificial means. When lakes reach the advanced age of the lake described above, permanent remedy becomes difficult, and often impossible, so that one must resort to temporary, emergency measures for aerating the water.

Removal of the snow is one of the most effective means of solving the problem under circumstances where the ice is relatively clear and green plants are present beneath the ice cover. If light is permitted to penetrate to such plants, they will automatically replenish the oxygen supply.

Another means of bringing about remedial results is by operating propeller-equipped motors (outboard motors do very well) in holes cut through the ice. If the propeller is only partly submerged during operation, considerable temporary aeration of the water in the vicinity of the motor is effected. Using a pump to spray some of the lake water up into the air and allowing it to melt the highly oxygenated snow as it flows back into the lake through holes previously cut through the ice, represents another means of meeting the problem under some conditions.

"The winter of 1939-1940 furnished a good period for drawing some conclusions relative to oxygen depletion under ice, since most Ohio waters had an ice covering for a period of from six to eight weeks.

"In general, the results indicate sufficient oxygen even at depths of over twenty feet. Shallow water combined with a swampy bottom has yielded less, but still above the believed toxic point."

The phenomenon of winter-kill should not be confused with the death of large numbers of gizzard shad in many of our state lakes in the spring. Such deaths are ordinarily not due directly to asphyxiation, but due mainly to the extreme susceptibility of this species to sudden changes in temperature.

Many snakes are important destroyers of insect and animal pests. Apart from the poisonous species, the least valuable of all snakes is the watersnake that has few redeeming characteristics. Frogs and young waterfowl are its common victims.

OUTDOOR NEBRASKA 11

Fishing—Past and Present

By CHARLEY WARREN, Columbus, Ohio, in Ohio Conservation Bulletin.

In casting around among some of my sports books the other day I came across what seemed to me to be the best, short history of the pastime of angling I have seen in many a day. This brought a few questions to mind, and I decided to go into the matter to find out all I could about this form of recreation in which more people find pleasure than any other sport. Some of you devotees of Izaak Walton who would rather spend these winter days toasting your tootsies before the fire, than attempting to lure the wily denizens of stream and lake to take your bait may get a bit of amusement from the facts I have unearthed, and set down.

First, let's start with the ancient method of angling. Many and strange methods were used to separate the fish from his native habitat. In fact, if your favorite method palls some time, just try any or all of the fishing tricks I am about to list. As far as I could ascertain, no one is quite certain just when the art of capturing fish had its beginning. Neither is the identity of the first fish eater satisfactorily established. However, it is known that the first fish were caught with nothing more than the bare hands. The first nation to partake of fish as a feature of the national diet was Persia. This much is certain.

Back in the dim ages, when floods came over the land, even as they do today, and the waters receded, little puddles were left. This would leave fish stranded in them, just as you have seen them after high water has receded. The fisherman merely picked out the fish he wanted, made a dive after it, grabbed his fish and that was that. Since they didn't eat their catch, those fellows apparently caught fish for the simple pleasure of imitating a Notre Dame tackle.

The next method in order of its appearance was known as "tickling". Now, here is really something. Some of you know about this method, but many more of you like myself will be a bit skeptical. In this method, the fisherman leans over a pool where his intended victim is swimming lazily about, slips his hand gently into the water and under the fish, then gently he tickles the fish on the stomach. While the object of all this attention is hoping the treatment will continue indefinitely, the fisherman would slowly open his fingers and put them around the fish, make a sudden grab, and right away, Mr. Fish and his watery home part company.

Spearing

The next method, used thousands of years ago, was spearing. Since this method would involve considerable skill if the spear was not to be lost, we must naturally gather that it was not all entirely for sport, as a spear was a very important and necessary adjunct to successful living, and highly prized. Therefore, by this time, some intrepid soul had no doubt discovered fish were good to eat if you didn't choke on a bone.

Now comes the probable beginning of fly fishing. The method involved the use of a burr attached to long tough vines. The cast was made and the burr gently swished about through the water in the hope of a strike. After this came a kind of fishing brought about by the desire to get fish in greater quantities with the least possible effort. This method, using woven nets, was invented by the Jewish people, who could see little or no sense in trying to get enough fish to feed people by catching them only one at a time. This, then, was the birth of commercial fishing.

The ancient Egyptians are credited with being the first to actually use lines. They created the burr we just mentioned, and after using the vine for some time discovered that a woven line of horse hair was much more easily handled, and usually much stronger. Also, they added a pole to give greater ease in the business of fishing, especially in casting. They would cast the burr, and if it was a very refined and not too large fish they got, they would simply haul away, but if he happened to be big and tough, like the ones that always get away from me, they would club him as he was dragged ashore. Some of the larger fish would always spit out the burr and get away, so the resourceful gents from Egypt fashioned crude hooks which were much harder for the fish to shake loose than the burrs. These first hooks were fashioned of bone and ivory. Then came bronze and iron hooks. Of course they didn't have the barb that we have on modern hooks, but they were a big step ahead of the burrs.

The Chinese took up fishing about 900 B. C. and started out using braided silk lines instead of the heavier horse hair of the Egyptians. Down through the years, the Chinese have devised more different ways of catching fish than all the other nations of the earth. India started learning about fish food about 800 B. C, using first spears, then lines, and finally nets which they copied from the Jews. This took place in about 500 B. C.

The old Greeks and Romans were advised by Plutarch to "use the hair from a white horse for that portion of line nearest the hook, and don't have too many knots in the line." Incidentally, this can be regarded as pretty fair advice even today.

Invention of the Reel

According to an early authority of the art of fishing, who lived about 1651, the reel was invented in 1496 A. D. and was called a "wind". Izaak Walton, patron saint of anglers, flitted into the picture in 1653 when he was acclaimed an author on the art of fishing. This was two years after the earlier authority mentioned above had written at length on the subject. This earlier gent was named Barker, but his name is all but forgotten today, while Walton is remembered with reverence. Perhaps the best reason for this is that Izaak Walton was tremendously popular and a thorough sportsman. Barker, on the other hand, had but one ambition. That was to catch fish—many, many fish—without regard to laws, another man's rights, or ethics. Of course, Izaak Walton was just the opposite. Barker always fished alone and ignored the rights of others as to fishing waters, while Walton was never as happy as when he was conducting parties of friends to the best possible fishing spots. While the early reels we just mentioned were called "winds" or "winches", Walton called them in his writings "wheels", and later writers about fish and fishing changed the name to "reels" as being more appropriate.

Back in 1732 the first fishing club on the North American continent came into being. It was called the Schuylkill Fishing Company, and had headquarters in Philadelphia. This organization still functions, and so is one of the very oldest sports bodies of any type, in the matter of continuous existence on the American continent.

The army of fishermen and fisherwomen in the United States is mightier than any that is devoted to any other sport. The United States government announced that in 1938 various states had issued approximately 6,000,000 bought and paid for licenses to fish the inland lakes and rivers. Probably 3,000,000 more fish such waters without benefit of license. To this group add the 3,000,000 who fish both oceans and the Gulf of Mexico where licenses are not needed and you get a grand total of 12,000,000 for 1938. At the moment I don't happen to have figures for 1939, but the number is well above that

(Continued on page 13)

12 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA

With Nebraska Sportsmen Organization

DO YOU KNOW THE GAME WARDEN IN YOUR TERRITORY? IF NOT, MAKE IT YOUR BUSINESS TO MEET HIM. MY GUESS IS—YOU WILL FIND HIM TO BE A FINE FELLOW, READY TO HELP IN ANY WAY POSSIBLE TO FURTHER THE CAUSE OF THE SPORTSMAN.

DATES THE NEBRASKA WILDLIFE FEDERATION WILL REMEMBER

July 11, 1940—Scotts Bluff County was the 48th county to cast their lot with the Federation. Rev. Lawrence Dry, Mitchell, chairman, and Earl R. Stearns, Scottsbluff, secretary.

And wasn't August 10th a dandy? Sheridan County with Arthur H. Britton, Gordon, chairman; Dawes County, Wesley W. Williams, Chadron, chairman; Sioux County, Roy A. Larson, Harrison, chairman; Box Butte County, Hugh O'Connor, Alliance, chairman. Mr. D. C. Short of Chadron will act as secretary for the four counties.

Then on September 3rd, came Keith County with Bill Brown, Ogallala as chairman, and Firman Feltz, secretary, also of Ogallala.

September 9th brought us the news of Morrill County with Frank Smith as chairman and Jess Fowler, secretary, both Bayard residents. The same day brought us Banner County with Clarence Shafto, Harrisburg, at the helm.

A meeting was held at Papillion, Sarpy County, on September 18th. Ernie Bihler and Dr. Pedersen were on hand to tell them about the Federation. Result: H. A. Olderog is chairman and Henry Timme, secretary of Sarpy County; address, Papillion.

These nine counties did not affiliate with the Nebraska Wildlife Federation to get their county on the stationery, but they believed that with a solid front, more could be accomplished for the cause of conservation. There are 56 counties now, still 37 short of our goal. A few more workers like Earl Stearns out at Scottsbluff and D. C. Short up at Chadron are all that's needed to get the job done before December 31st. ARE THERE ANY VOLUNTEERS WILLING TO HELP FINISH THE JOB? Earl, what about Kimball and Cheyenne Counties, would you take them on, or is that asking too much?

No doubt most of you are wondering what information we got out of the questionnaire. I'll give you the high lights as I see it. 99 questionnaires were returned, with over 1500 sportsmen in 51 counties interviewed.

97 to 2 to change the beaver law.

93 to 3 to control commercial fishing in the Missouri River.

90 to 9 to limit the number of hooks to ten on each license.

54 to 41 in favor of an open dove season. A hoss race, eh?

94 to 5 for an educational program of conservation in our public schools.

75 to 12 to continue the refuge on the Platte River in Dodge, Saunders and Douglas Counties.

89 to 8 for the same shooting hours all over the state.

Certainly this should prove to everyone that we in Nebraska believe in the conservation program. From this we should get our program. If the Federation can get the needed support, it can put this program across. It will be a tough job for only 56 counties. However, with 75 counties organized and willing to shoot the works it possibly can be done. But with 93 counties all pulling together, how can it miss? The Federation appeals to you to offer your assistance. Who will be first?

According to the latest reports, the Commission went to town on pheasants this year. That extra 50 cents helped—and you and I never missed it. All the sportsman asks of the Commission is to spend it wisely.

Watch that gun this fall. Let's make it the safest and sanest hunting season in Nebraska's history.

We are all going to the polls this fall. For my part, I'm going to find out from every candidate just how he stands on conservation problems. That does not mean just our state senatorial candidates or our candidates for governor, but our U. S. senatorial candidates and our congressional candidates. And not only these but our judges, as to whether they will deal out the sentence according to the law, when game law violators are brought before them. Those candidates that are FOR conservation, let's give them a lift, and those AGAINST—let them know we are to be reckoned with.

Hope this is the best hunting season for everyone in years, but let's not forget to leave seed for next year's crop.

—BILL WILLHOITE, Superior, Neb.

Izaak Walton League

By WARD C. BETZER

THE Nebraska Division of the Izaak Walton League of America held its 18th Annual Convention at Fremont on September 16th and 17th. The business sessions of the convention and the annual banquet on Monday evening were held at the Pathfinder Hotel.

The sports program consisting of trapshoot, bait and fly casting, were held on Monday afternoon at the Gun Club grounds north of Fremont. On Tuesday afternoon, retriever and gun dog exhibitions were held on Big Island southwest of Fremont. Retrieving on water was held at the same place, using the Platte River for retrieving area. This exhibition of retrieving was conducted by the Missouri Valley Hunt Club under the direction of Fred Sehnert, secretary of the Lincoln Chapter of the Missouri Valley Hunt Club.

The speakers appearing on the morning programs were men who are leaders in conservation and heads of departments connected with State Government or the University of Nebraska. Frank B. O'Connell, secretary of the Game, Forestation and Parks Commission, addressed the convention on "Water and the Game Commission's Program." He called to the attention of the delegates the necessity of moving fish from our sandhill lakes because of the drouth and the lowering of the water in the lakes in the northwest part of the State. He pointed out also the good work that had been done throughout Nebraska in the raising of young pheasants through the cooperation of the chapters of the League and the Wildlife Federation units and others who are interested in restocking Nebraska. He mentioned a number of legislative matters which will be sponsored by the Izaak Walton League in the next session of the Legislature. These deal particularly with commercial fishing, trapping of beaver, and further regulations relative to the taking of game fish.

Dwight Griswold of Gordon, Nebraska, republican candidate for Governor, brought to the convention greetings and a short address on matters dealing with conservation in Nebraska, looking particularly to the conservation of water by wise usage in connection with irrigation and water power projects. Mr. Griswold stated that he considered that the conservation of water was, to a great extent, a Federal matter. The Izaak Walton League, however, believes that the State of Nebraska and its citizens should to a great extent, cooperate closely with the Federal government in this matter because of our presence in the state and close

(Continued on page 14)

OUTDOOR NEBRASKA 13

Paul Bunyan

(Continued from page 7)

"It's soil conservation," said the farmer.

"It's fish fries, coon suppers and clambakes," said Jake.

Every one else gave his answer and all the answers were different. And everybody started to shout at the top of their voices and they started hurling editorials, legislation, monographs, letters-to-the-editor, books, ultimatums and good old-fashioned prejudices and brickbats at each other.

"Hold on there, boys," shouted Paul Bunyan in a voice louder than them all put together, "you're getting nowhere fast."

They all stopped quarreling and looked at him.

"Well, if you know it all, just what is Conservation?" shouted Jake.

"Well, boys," Bunyan answered, "it seems to me that Conservation is fish and rabbits and pheasants and coon and squirrels and contour-planting and soil conservation and forests and lakes and anti-pollution and sportsmen's clubs and fish fries, coon suppers, clambakes, ecology, agronomy, game management, fish management, game stocking, restocking, patch planting, vermin control, flood control, small dams, big dams, ichthyology, ornithology, entomology — and lots more."

"And," he continued, "you'll have to quit fighting among yourselves — one against the other. One wanting this—the other that. Each one thinking his own ideas the only possible and entirely right ones. Each one wanting to stock his own particular kind of game, do things in his own particular manner, and run things his own particular way—

"As long as you do this—there won't be any real Conservation in the land. Things will grow worse. And there won't be any game or natural resources worth fighting about.

"But if you all, every living son of you, get together and realize that Conservation is not just one thing but many; and that though every one is entitled to his own idea of what it is, he needs the other fellows' help to put it across. Then we'll go places."

Every one, even old Jake, shouted agreement to this, and they all set off, each in his own way to follow Paul's advice. — From the Ohio Conservation Bulletin.

COMMISSION DEVELOPS HOME FOR QUAIL

On May 1, 1940, the State Game Commission began field work on a Cooperative Quail Restoration program under the provisions of the Pittman-Robertson Act for Federal aid in restoration of wildlife.

The objective of this program is the restoration of permanent feed and cover for wildlife in areas which were once heavily populated with quail, and which now offer possibilities for improvement. Another objective is to promote public interest and activity in such conservation of our wildlife resources.

For the present, the work is centered in the four southeastern counties of the state, including Johnson, Pawnee, Richardson and Nemaha counties. These counties are now supporting a few quail.

The restoration of feed and cover areas is to be accomplished by plantings and by management recommendations for present farm practices in regard to gully growth, fence line growth and the establishment of "edgings" or "runs", to encourage and protect the movement of quail on farm lands. Quail move on the ground more than they do in the air.

This project is in cooperation with the farmer and provides him with such benefits as protection against trespass, erosion control in gullies and ditches, restoration of beneficial grasses, trees and shrubs, weed control on fence lines, and insect control resulting from the increased population of quail. The Game Commission furnishes all material for the work, including fencing for eroded areas, shrubs, trees and seeds, posting of land as a game refuge and recommendations for land use and planting programs. The farmer agrees to the posting of the land, stocking of birds, maintenance of improvements and planting of trees, shrubs and seeds.

During the past summer season, thirty project refuges have been located and signed to agreement, twelve in Johnson County, nine in Nemaha, and nine in Richardson. Work is just starting in Pawnee County. Included in these numbers are the lands of eighty-four individual landowners, with a total area of sixteen (16) thousand acres of land. Most of the refuges are six hundred and forty (640) acres in size. Those under that size will probably be enlarged.

During September, 1,500 pounds of mixed grass seed was planted along gullies and fence rows to provide nesting areas, feed and "runs" or "edgings" which will be beneficial in causing birds to remain on field edges to aid in insect control on cultivated lands. The main planting program will get under way next spring when thousands of shrubs will be planted. The plantings will provide summer cover, winter cover and winter feed supplies by using plants which will retain some of their seed until late in the fall and winter period. They will aid in making the feed and cover more easily available to the birds without crossing large open areas.

The projects have been located as nearly as possible on the basis of one project to a precinct in each county. This provides an even distribution and gives local sportsmen an opportunity to observe the activities and results and may thus stimulate adoption of the system by landowners in an effort to increase wildlife on their own lands.

After the planting gets under way and feed and cover conditions are sufficient, quail will be stocked on these refuge areas, the number stocked depending upon the number the area will support and upon the number of quail naturally present. The stocked birds of new blood will tend to stimulate reproduction and result in an increase of birds which will have a better chance of survival on improved areas.

WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT POISONOUS SNAKES OF NEBRASKA?

1. Name the different kinds of poisonous snakes native to Nebraska.

2. Name the three most distinguishing characteristics that readily identify any of these poisonous snakes.

3. Name the three most important steps in first aid treatment of a snake bite.

4. From the bite of which would you be least likely to recover?

5. In what part of the state do we have the greatest number of snake bite accidents?

6. Can you tell a rattlesnake's age by its rattles?

7. What principal use does a snake make of its poison?

8. Why do snakes hibernate in Nebraska?

9. Can they be made harmless by extracting their fangs?

10. Do the poisonous snakes of Nebraska lay eggs or do they produce their young alive?

Note: Do you know how many species of snakes are found in Nebraska? If not, write your Game Commission for a bulletin on Nebraska's snakes.—Editor.

Fishing—Past and Present

(Continued from page 11)

of 1938 I am told Speaking of fishing, did I tell you the one about that big one that got away in Mad River? I didn't? Well, you probably have heard it before from some one else, or told it yourself. Anyhow, here's to fishing, the sport of Presidents, and us common people—long may it wave!

14 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA

Izaak Walton League

(Continued from page 12)

connections with the water conditions in the past years.

E. L. Perry, president of the Lincoln chapter and a member of the U. S. Forestry Service, spoke on "Forestry Plantings and Water." Mr. Perry, who served in the Forestry service in the southwest, particularly in New Mexico, was at one time president of a state wildlife organization there, and is thoroughly familiar with the Izaak Walton League program of conservation dealing with the wildlife, forestry, soils, and water. Mr. Perry spoke particularly of the planting of trees in areas to cut down to the minimum the erosion of lands and the loss of runoff water.

Kenneth A. Reid, executive secretary of the national office of the Izaak Walton League of America, arrived about noon on Monday, bringing a few words of greeting from the national organization, and was the banquet speaker on Monday evening. Mr. Reid, who is one of America's outstanding conservationists and a real out-of-doors man himself, spoke on the subject of "Water as a Primary Resource." Mr. Reid pointed out the fact that water is no respector of county and state boundaries, that it may arise in one place and as it flows through another state may become polluted by manufacturing industries, municipalities or other sources and then flow into another state to the detriment of the latter. He spoke particularly of conserving the water which still remains in Nebraska and the building of proper reservoirs for the retention of flood waters which might be used at a future period. He also spoke against the diversion of any water from one watershed to another and questioned whether water is the property of any particular state or if its ownership was with the general public regardless of its origin.

On Tuesday morning, Dr. George E. Condra of the Department of Conservation and Survey, University of Nebraska, spoke on "Nebraska's Water and Wildlife Problem," stating that for the conservation of wildlife, it was necessary to conserve water not only in our rivers, but also for the benefit of forage crops for wildlife and the growing of proper shelter. He spoke of the decreasing of the water table under Nebraska and pointed out the necessity of a long range program for water conservation.

Ivan D. Wood, extension engineer, University of Nebraska, spoke on "Conserving Water for Nebraska's Needs," stated that in some places a number of years ago, that the draining of certain lands had been beneficial and others detrimental. He also pointed out that in some of our streams which had been straightened, that some of the ditches had been made too deep, which permitted the scouring out of too much of the stream's banks and beds and that in some of these areas it would be necessary to resort to retards. Mr. Wood advocated formulating something in irrigation correlation, looking toward the correlating of the activities of all agencies interested in irrigation. This matter will be referred to the League's conservation committee.

Tuesday morning the resolutions presented and adopted, dealt mostly with the legislative program of the League. The resolutions adopted were the decreasing of commercial fishing on the Missouri River; the revision of the beaver law passed at the last legislature so that there will not be the elimination of all beaver within the state; the continuation of the migratory water-fowl refuge in Dodge County; the prosecution of those who dump pollution into the streams of Nebraska contrary to the anti-stream pollution law which is now on the statutes of Nebraska; and laws to compel the screening of irrigation ditches to keep fish from migrating down lateral canals.

The choice of the convention city for the 1941 convention was referred to the State Board of Directors to be selected at one of its meetings during the year.

The election of officers showed the following members elected: Ward C. Betzer, President; Mildred M. Spann, Secretary-Treasurer; Vice Presidents: Dr. F. T. Wright, Lincoln, First District; C. N. Walton, Ashland, Second District; Paul Abegglen, Columbus, Third District; Carl Algermissen, Crete, Fourth District; W. W. Ellyson, North Platte, Fifth District; Harry Runion, Benkelman, Sixth District; H. A. Fricke, Alliance, Seventh District. Directors elected for the period of three years were: Dr. George E. Condra, Lincoln; W. Leroy Wilcox, Omaha; Frank J. Brady, Atkinson; Leo Stuhr, Grand Island; Harry Thorley, Springview; Herman C. Lorensen, Wood Lake; Dr. G. J. Keith, Culbertson; Wm. T. Hewett, Rushville; Adolph Brchan, Crete.

At the banquet on Monday evening, the trap-shoot trophy was presented to Herman Richter who broke 48 out of 50 targets. The membership cup was awarded to the Crete chapter for having the largest percentage of membership increase since the last convention.

The major program for the League during the coming year will be the conservation and wise usage of water, the organization of new chapters throughout the state and an aggressive legislative program before the next session of the legislature, looking toward better laws and conservation.

ANSWERS WHAT DO YOU KNOW ABOUT POISONOUS SNAKES OF NEBRASKA?

1. Copperhead, Massasauga, prairie rattlesnake and timber rattlesnake.

2. (a) Fangs. (b) Pit between eye and nostril. (c) Vertical eye pupils (Harmless snakes have round pupils).

3. (a) Incision or cutting open the puncture. (b) The tying of a ligature or tourniquet above the bite. (c) Applying suction by mouth or instrument.

4. The timber rattlesnake.

5. Western Nebraska.

6. No; they are frequently broken off and few large rattlers have a complete set. They do not add a definite number each year.

7. For killing its food—defense is secondary.

8. Because they are cold blooded and would freeze to death in the winter. If they were warm blooded, food would not be available in winter.

9. No. They are constantly replacing lost fangs.

10. They produce their young alive.

GAME FARM ACTIVITIES

The game bird planting for 1940 is nearly completed for this season.

A total of nearly 17,000 pheasants and 3,500 chukar partridges were planted in selected areas throughout the state. In addition to these 17,000, day-old pheasant chicks were furnished to the Pittman-Robertson Cooperative brooders, and 1,470 to other organizations. Also, 2,500 pheasants and 700 chukar partridges will be held over for brood stock for next year.

Most of the pheasants were planted in the 17 closed counties, and the chukar partridges in the western part of the state, where the altitude and rainfall more nearly duplicate their native home.

—DALE HALBERT, Supt. of Game Farms.

Dawn Hunter

(Continued from page 4)

Her belly full from the morning's hunt, Tab climbed down and trotted up the fence row to her home. She sought her warm basket on the back porch and was there when the family found her.

At breakfast, Mrs. Jones remarked, "Tab is the daintiest cat I have ever seen. She hardly eats anything. We feed her regularly, but she doesn't do more than just nibble at her food. Her appetite is very small."

"It must be," decided Mr. Jones, "because she is well bred, and quite a long distance removed from her ancestors from the jungle. They must have had enormous appetites. All Tab does is lie around and sleep all day and all night."

Mrs. Jones nodded wisely, agreeing with her husband.

TABLE OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET IN NEBRASKA

Prepared by THE UNITED STATES WEATHEK BUREAU at Lincoln, Nebraska TIMES OF SUNRISE AND SUNSET IN NEBRASKA ZONES

In the accompanying tables the time of sunrise is given for the western border of each zone; at its eastern border the sun will rise about 8 minutes earlier. The time of sunset is given for the eastern border of each zone; at its western border the sun will set about 8 minutes later.

Central Standard Time Zone No. 1 Zone No. 2 Sunrise Sunset Sunrise Sunset Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1. 6 :28 7 :03 7 :37 6 :07 5 :20 4 :57 1. 6 :29 7 :06 7 :44 6 :07 5 :20 4 :57 2. 6 :29 7 :04 7 :38 6 :05 5 :19 4 :56 2. 6 :30 7 :07 7 :45 6 :05 5 :19 4 :56 8. 6 :30 7 :05 7 :39 6 :04 5 :18 4 :56 3. 6 :31 7 :09 7 :46 6 :04 5 :18 4 :56 4. 6 :31 7 :06 7 :40 6 :02 5 :17 4 :56 4. 6 :32 7 :10 7 :47 6 :02 5 :17 4 :56 5. 6 :32 7 :07 7 :41 6 :00 5 :16 4 :56 5. 6 :33 7 :11 7 :48 6 :00 5 :16 4 :56 6. 6:33 7 :08 7 :42 5 :58 5:15 4 :56 «. 6 :33 7:13 7 :49 5 :58 5 :15 4 :56 7. 6 :3S 7 :10 7 :43 5 :56 5 :14 4 :56 7. 6 :36 7 :14 7 :50 5 :56 5 :14 4 :56 8. 6 :36 7 :11 7 :44 5 :55 5 :13 4 :56 8. 6 :37 7 :16 7:51 5 :55 5 :13 4 :56 9. 6 :37 7 :12 7 :45 5 :53 5 :12 4 :56 9. 6 :38 7 :17 7 :52 5 :55 5 :12 4 :56 10. 6 :38 7 :13 7 :46 5 :52 5:11 4 :56 10, 6 :40 7 :18 7 :53 5 :54 5 :11 4 :56 11. 6 :39 7 :14 7 :47 5 :50 5 :10 4 :56 11. 6 :41 7 :19 7 -.54 5 :52 5 :10 4 :56 12. 6 :40 7 :15 7 :47 5 :49 5 :09 4 :56 12. 6 :42 7 :20 7 :56 5 :51 5 :09 4 :56 13. 6 :41 7 :1S 7 :48 5 :47 5 :08 4 :56 13. 6 :43 7 :21 7 :57 5 :49 5 :08 4 :56 14. 6 :42 7 :18 7 :49 5 :46 5 :07 4 :56 14, 6 :44 7 :23 7 :57 5 :48 5 :07 4 :56 15. 6 :12 6 :43 7 :19 7 :50 fi 34 5 :44 5 :06 4 :57 15. 6 :11 6 :45 7 :24 7 :57 6 :3t 5 :46 5 :06 4 :57 16. 6 :13 6 :44 7 :21 7 :50 fi 32 5 :43 5:0.5 4 :57 lfi 6 :12 6 :46 7 :26 7 :57 6 :32 5 :45 5 :05 4 :57 17. 6 :14 6 :45 7 :22 7:51 A •30 5 :41 5 :04 4 :57 17. 6 :13 6 :48 7 :27 7 :58 6 :30 5 :43 5 :04 4 :57 18. 6 :15 6 :46 7 :23 7 :52 fi •28 5 :40 5 -.03 4 :B8 18, 6:14 6 :49 7 :28 7 :50 6 :28 5 :42 5 :03 4 :58 19. 6 :16 6 :47 7 :24 7 :52 fi •27 5 :38 5 :02 4 :58 19, 6 :15 6 :50 7 :29 7 :59 6 :27 5 :40 5 :02 4 :58 20. 6 :17 6 :48 7 :26 7 :53 6 •25 5 :37 5 :02 4 :59 20 6:16 6 :52 7 :31 8 -.00 6 :25 5 :38 5 :02 4 :09 21. 6 :18 6 :49 7 :27 7 :53 6 •24 5 :35 5 :01 4 :59 21, 6 :17 6 :53 7 :32 8 -00 6 :24 5 :36 5 :01 4 :59 22. 6 :19 6 :51 7 :28 7 :54 fi •22 5 :34 5 :00 5 -.00 22. 6 :18 6 :54 7 :33 8 :01 6 :22 5 :34 5 :00 5 :00 23. 6 :20 6 -.52 7 :29 7:54 6 •20 5 :33 5 :00 5 :00 ?,3. 6 :20 6 :55 7 :34 8 :01 6 :20 5 :32 5 :00 5 :00 24. 6 :21 6 :53 7 :30 7 -55 fi •19 5 :31 4 :59 5 :01 24. 6 :21 6 :56 7 :35 8 :02 6 :19 5 :30 4 :59 5 :01 25. 6 :22 6 :54 7 :3t 7 :55 fi •17 5 :29 4 :59 5 :01 25, 6 :22 6 :57 7 :36 8 :02 6 :17 S :29 4 :59 5 :01 26. 6 :23 6 :S6 7 :32 7 :5fi fi •15 5 :28 4 :58 5 :02 26. 6 :23 6 :59 7 :38 8 :02 6 :15 5 :28 4 :58 5 :02 27. 6 :24 6 :57 7 :33 7 :56 fi •H 5 :26 4 :58 5 :02 27. 6 :24 7 :00 7 :39 8 :03 6 :14 5 :26 4 :58 5 :02 28. 6 :25 6 :58 7 :34 7 :66 fi •12 5 :25 4 :58 5 :03 28. 6 :26 7 :01 7 :40 8 :03 6 :12 5 :25 4 :58 5 :03 29. 6 :26 6 :59 7 :35 7 :56 fi •10 5 :24 4 :57 5 :01 29. 6 :27 7 :02 7 :41 8 :03 6 :10 5:24 4 :57 5 :04 30. 6 :27 7 :O0 7 :36 7 :57 fi ;09 5 :23 4 :57 5 :05 no. 6:28 7 :03 7 :43 8 :0t 6 :00 5 :23 4 :57 5 :05 31. 7 :01 7 :57 5 :21 5 :05 31. 7 :05 8 :04 5 :2l 5:05 Central Standard Time Zone No. 3 Sunrise Sept. Oct. Nov. 1 6 :36 7:11 2 6 :37 7 :12 3. 6 :38 7 :13 4. 6 :39 7 :14 5. 6 :40 7 :15 6, 6 :42 7 :16 7. 6 :43 7 :18 8. 6 :44 7 :19 9. 6 :45 7 :20 10 6 :46 7 :21 11, 6 :47 7 :22 12. 6 :48 7 :23 13. 6 :49 7 :24 14. 6 :50 7 :26 15. 6 :20 6 :51 7 :27 16. 6 :21 6 :52 7 :29 17. 6 :22 6 :53 7 :30 IS 6 :23 6 :54 7 :31 19 6 :24 6 :55 7 :32 20, 6 :25 6 :56 7 :34 ai 6 :26 6 :57 7 :35 6 :27 6 :59 7 :36 23 6 :28 7 :00 7 :37 24 6 :29 7 :01 7 :38 25, 6 :30 7 :02 7:39 2fi 6 :31 7 :04 7 :40 27 6 :32 7 :05 7 :41 28. 6 :33 7 :06 7 :42 29 6 :34 7 :07 7 :43 30. 6 :35 7 :08 7 :44 31. 7 :09 7 c. 45 7 46 7 47 7 48 7 49 7 50 7 51 7 52 7 53 7 54 7 55 7 55 7 56 7 57 7 RH 7 58 7 59 8 00 » 00 8 (11 8 01 8 02 8 02 8 03 8 08 8 04 a 04 8 04 8 04 8 05 8 05 Sunset Rr pt. Oct. Nov. 6 :15 5 :30 6 :13 5 :29 6 :12 5 :28 6 :10 5:27 6 :09 5 :26 6 :07 5 :25 6 :05 5 :24 6 :04 5 :23 6 :02 5 :22 6 :01 5 :21 5 :59 5 :20 5 :58 5 :19 5 :56 5 :18 5 :55 5 :17 6 :41 5 :53 5 :16 li :40 5 :52 5 :15 fi 38 5 :50 5 :15 fi :86 5 :49 5 :14 fi :35 5:47 5 :13 6 5 :46 5 :13 6 :32 5 :44 5 :12 6 M 5 :43 5 :11 fi :2K 5 :42 5 :11 6 :27 6 :40 5 :10 fi :2b 5 :39 5 :10 6 :23 5 :38 5 :09 fi 5 :36 5 :09 fi :20 5 :35 5 :0J 6 :18 5 :34 5 :08 6 :17 5 :33 5 :31 5 -.08 Dec. 5 08 5 :07 5 :07 5 :07 5 :07 5 :07 5 :07 5 :07 5 :07 5 :07 5 :07 5 :07 5 :07 5 :07 5 :08 5 :08 5 :08 5 :09 5 :09 6 :10 5 :10 5:11 5 :11 5 :12 5 :12 5 :13 5 :13 5:14 5 :15 5 :16 5 :16 Zone No. 4 Snnrlse Sept. Oct. Nov. 1. 6 :37 7 :14 2. 6 :38 7:15 ». 6 :39 7 :17 4. 6 :40 7 :18 5, 6 :41 7 :19 fi 6 :43 7 :21 7, 6 :44 7 :22 8 6 :45 7 :24 9. 6 :46 7 :25 10. 6 :47 7 :26 11 6 :48 7 :27 12 6 :49 7 :08 13. 6 :51 7 :29 14 6 :52 7 :31 15, 6 in 6 :53 7 :32 lfi fi 20 6 :54 7 :34 17. fi 21 6 :56 7 :35 IS fi 6 :57 7 :36 19 fi 23 6 :58 7 :38 20 fi 6 :59 7 :40 21 fi 25 7 :00 7 :41 22 fi 26 7 :01 7 :41 23 fi 2K 7 :03 7 :42 24 fi 29 7 :04 7 :43 2b fi 30 7 :05 7 :44 26, 6 :31 7 :07 7 :46 27. 6 :32 7 :08 7 :47 ?,8 fi 34 7 :09 7 :48 29. fi :85 7 :10 7 :49 30. fi :36 7 :11 7:51 81. 7:13 Sunset fe pt. Oct. Nov. Dec. 6 :16 5 :29 5 :06 6 :14 5 :28 5 :05 6 :13 5 :27 5 :0S 6 :11 5 :26 5 :05 6 :09 5 :25 5 :05 6 :07 5 :24 5 :05 6 :05 5 :23 5 :05 6 :04 5 :22 5 :05 6 :02 5 :21 5 :05 6 :01 5 :20 5 :05 5 :59 5 :19 5:05 5 :58 5 :18 5 :05 5 :56 5 :17 5 :05 5 :55 5 :16 5 :05 6 :43 5:53 5 :15 5 :06 6 41 5 :52 5 :14 5 :06 fi :39 5 :50 5 :13 5 :06 fi :37 5 :49 5 :12 5 :07 6 :36 5 :47 5:11 5 :07 6 :34 5 :46 5 :11 5 :08 6 :33 5 :44 5:10 5 :03 e :31 5 :43 5 :09 5 :09 fi :29 5 :41 5 :09 5 :09 fi :28 5 :40 5 :08 5 :10 6 :2fi 5 :38 5 :08 5 :10 fi 24 5 :37 5 :07 5 :11 6 :23 5 :35 5 :07 5 :11 fi :21 5 :34 5 :07 5 :12 6 :19 5 :33 5 :06 5 :13 6 :18 5 :31 5 :30 5:06 5:14 5:14 Zone No. 5 Sunrise fio pt. Oct. Nov. 1. 6 :44 7 :19 ? 6 :45 7 :20 3. 6 :46 7 :21 4. 6 :47 7 :22 5. 6 :48 7 :23 « 6 :50 7 :24 7. 6 :51 7 :26 8. 6 :52 7 :27 9. 6 :53 7 :28 10. 6 :54 7 :29 11. 6 :55 7 :30 12, 6 :56 7 :31 13. 6 :57 7 :32 14. 6 :58 7 :34 15 fi 28 6 :59 7 :35 lfi. 6 29 7 :00 7 :37 17. 6 3(1 7 :01 7 :38 18. fi 31 7 :02 7 :39 IS) fi 32 7 :03 7 :40 20. 6 33 7 :04 7 :41 21, fi 34 7 :05 7 :42 fi 35 7 :07 7 :44 28, fi :8 7 :08 7 :45 24. fi :37 7 :09 7 :46 25. fi :38 7 :10 7 :47 26. fi :39 7 :12 7 :48 27. K :40 7 :13 7 :49 28. fi :41 7 :14 7 :50 29. fi :42 7:15 7 :51 30. 6 :43 7 :16 7 :52 31. Dec. 7 53 7 54 7 55 7 56 7 57 1 58 7 59 8 (Ml 8 01 8 02 R 03 8 03 a 04 8 05 K OK 8 06 8 07 8 OS 8 08 8 09 8 0» 8 10 8 10 8 11 8 11 8 12 8 12 8 12 K 12 8 13 8 13 Sunset Se Pt. Oct. Nov. Dec. 6 :24 5 :39 5:17 6 :22 5 :38 5 :16 6 :21 5 :37 5 :16 6 :19 5 :36 5 -16 6 :18 5 :35 5 :16 6 :16 5 :34 5 :16 6 :14 5 :33 5 :16 6 :13 5 :32 5 .16 6 :11 5 :31 5 :16 6 :10 5 :30 5:16 6 :08 5 :29 5 :16 6 :07 5 :28 5 :16 6 :05 5 :27 5 :16 6 :04 5 :26 5 -.16 6 50 6 :02 5 :25 5 :17 6 49 6 :01 5 :24 5 :17 K 47 5 :59 5 :24 5 :17 fi :45 6 :58 5:23 5 :18 6 41 5 :56 5 :22 5 -18 fi 42 5 :55 5 :22 5 :19 6 :41 5 :53 5 :21 5 :19 fi :S9 5:52 5 :20 5 :20 6 :37 5 :51 5 :20 5 :20 6 :36 5 :49 5 :19 5 :21 fi :31 5 :48 5:19 5 :21 fi 32 5 :47 5 :18 5 .22 6 :31 5 :45 5 :18 5 :?2 6 :2 5 :44 5 :18 5 :23 6 27 5 :43 5 :17 5 :24 6 :26 5 H(2 5 :40 5 :17 5 :25 5 :25 Zone No. 6 Sunrise Sept. Oct. Nov. 1. 6 :45 7 :22 2. 6 :46 7 :23 8. 6 :47 7 :25 4. 6 :48 7 :26 5. 6 :49 7 :27 6. 6 :51 7 :29 7. 6 :52 7 :30 K, 6 :53 7 :32 9. 6 :54 7 :33 10. 6 :55 7 :34 11. 6 :56 7 :35 12. 6 :57 7 :36 13. 6 :59 7 :37 14. 7 :00 7 :39 15. 6 :27 7 :01 7 :40 lfi. 6 :28 7 :02 7 :42 17. 6 :29 7 :04 7:43 18. 6 :30 7 :05 7 :44 19. 6 :3l 7 :06 7:45 20 6 :32 7 :07 7 :47 21. 6 :33 7 :08 7 :48 22. 6 :34 7 :09 7 :49 M, 6 :36 7 :11 7 :50 2*. 6 :37 7 :12 7 :51 25. 6 :38 7 :13 7 :52 26, 6 :39 7 :15 7 :54 27. 6 :40 7 :16 7 :55 28. 6 :42 7 :17 7 :56 29. 6 :43 7 :18 7 :57 3ft. 6 :4t 7 :19 7 :59 31. 7 :21 Dec. 8 :00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 10 11 12 13 13 14 15 1.5 16 16 17 17 18 18 19 19 19 19 20 20 Sunset Oct. Nov. Dec. 6 :24 5 :37 5:14. 6 :22 5 :36 5 :13 6 :21 5 :35 5 :13 6 :19 5 :34 5 :13 6:17 5 :33 5 :13 6 :15 5 :32 5 :13 6 :13 5 :31 5 :13 6 :12 5 :30 5 :13 6 :10 5 :29 5 :13 6 :09 5 :28 5 :I3 6 :07 5 :27 5 :13 6 :06 5 :26 5 :13 6 :04 5 :25 5 :13 6 :03 5 :24 5:13 6 51 6 :01 5 :23 5 :14 6 50 6 :00 5 :22 5:14 fi 4K 5 :58 5 :21 5 :14 fi :4fi 5 :57 5:20 5 :15 6 :44 5 :55 5 :19 5:15 6 :42 5 :54 5 :19 5 :16 fi 41 5 :52 5 :18 5 :16 6 :39 5 :51 5 :17 5 :17 fi :37 5 :49 5:17 5 :17 6 :36 5 :48 5 :16 5 :18 fi :34 5 :46 5 :16 5 :18 6 ;32 5 :45 5 :15 5 :19 fi :31 5 :43 5 :15 5 :19 6 :29 5 :42 5 :15 5 :20 6 :27 5 :41 5 :14 5 :21 6 :26 5 :40 5:38 5:14 5 :22 5:22 Mountain Standard Time Zone No. 7 Sunrise Sunset Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 1. 6:53 6 :30 7:08 5 :31 4:44 4 :21 2. 6 :54 6 :31 7:09 5:29 4:43 4 :20 3. 6:55 6 :33 7:10 5 :28 4:42 4 :20 4. 5:56 6 :34 7:11 ft :26 4:41 4 :20 fi. 5:57 6 :35 7 :12 5:24 4 :40 4 :20 6. 5:59 6 :37 7:13 5 .22 4:39 4 :20 7. 6 :00 6 :38 7:14 5:20 4 :33 4 :20 S, 6 :01 6 :40 7 :15 5:19 4 :37 4 :20 9. 6 :02 6:41 7:16 5 :17 4 :36 4 :20 11). 6 :03 6:42 7:17 5 :16 4 :3o 4 :20 II. 6 :04 6:43 7 :18 5 :14 4 :34 4:20 12. 6 :05 6 :44 7:18 5 :13 4 :33 4:20 i: 6 :07 6 :45 7 :19 5 :11 4:32 4:20 14, 6 :08 6:47 7 :20 5 :10 4:31 4 :20 IS, 5 :3ft 6 :09 6 :48 7 :21 5 :58 5 :08 4 :30 4 :21 Hi, B •■Mi 6:10 6:50 7 :21 5 :56 5 :07 4 :29 4 :21 17. ft :31 6 :12 6 :51 7 :22 5 :54 5 :05 4:28 4:21 18. ft :38 6 :13 6 :52 7:23 5 :52 5:04 4 :27 4:22 IS). S :3i) 6 :14 6:53 7 :23 ft :51 5:02 4 :26 4 :22 20. J> :4|) 6 :15 6 :53 7 :24 5 :49 5:01 4 :26 4 :23 21, 5 :4I 6 -.16 6:56 7 :24 5:48 4 :59 4 :25 4 :23 22. 5 42 6:18 6 :57 7 :25 5 :16 4 :58 4 :24 4 :24 23. ft :44 6 :19 6:58 7:25 5 :44 4 :56 4 :24 4 :24 24. S •4ft 6 :20 6 :59 7 :26 5:43 4 :55 4 :23 4 :25 ft :4l> 6 :21 7:00 7:26 5 :41 4 :53 4:23 4 :25 MB. ft :47 6:23 7 :02 7:27 5:39 4 :62 4 :22 4 :26 27. ft :48 6 :21 7 :03 7 :27 5 :38 4 :50 4 :22 4 :26 28. ft •50 6 :25 7 :04 7:27 5:36 4:49 4:22 4:27 29. ft ■.HI 6 :26 7 :05 7:27 5:34 4:48 4 :21 4:28 Ml. ft if>2 6:27 7:07 7:28 5:33 4:47 4:21 4 :29 31. 6:29 7:28 4 :4ft 4 :29 Offenses Relating to Game and Birds

IT SHALL BE UNLAWFUL:

(a) To shoot from any public highway at any game bird or game animal;

(b) To hunt for any of such birds or animals with a spotlight or other artificial light;

(c) To hunt or kill or attempt to hunt or kill any water fowl from any boat or water craft propelled by sails or electric, gas, or steam power or from an aeroplane or hydroplane;

(d) To use any rifle or swivel-gun or shotgun larger than ten gauge in hunting any game birds, or to trap, snare, net or attempt to trap, snare, or net any game bird or birds;

(e) To take or needlessly destroy the neets or eggs of any game bird or birds

NEBRASKA GAME LAWS AND REGULATIONS

Nebraska Game Commission Official Open Seasons and Bag Limits for Game Birds and Game Animals. EFFECTIVE September 15, 1940, to September 15, 1941

(Summary of the open seasons established by resolution of the Nebraska Game, Forestation and Parks Commission, under date of August 25, 1940, in accordance with the provisions of Section 37-301, Compiled Statutes of 1929, as amended by Session Laws, 1937, L. B. No. 312, Serial No. 170.)

(These regulations supersede all other regulations published heretofore.)

Time Division Line

The division line between Central Standard time and Mountain Standard time will be the east lines of Sheridan, Garden and Deuel Counties.

All hunting east of this line will be done on Central Standard time and all hunting west of this line will be on Mountain Standard time.

Open Seasons

Open season on all species of Ducks (except Wood Ducks), Geese, Brant and Coots (Mudhens) will be from October 16th to December 14th, inclusive. Hours open each day—Sunrise to 4 P.M., except on Platte River and North Platte River east of Garden County where shooting hours are from sunrise to 12 noon.

Ducks

Daily Bag, 10. Possession, 20. Do not kill more than 3 Canvasbacks, Redheads, Buffleheads or Ruddy Ducks or have more than 6 in possession. These may be all of one species or in the aggregate.

Coots (Mudhens)

Daily Bag, 25. Possession, 25.

Geese

Daily Bag, 3. Possession, 6.

Snipe

Snipe (Wilson or Jack)—October 16th to December 14th. Hours open each day —Sunrise to sunset.

Bag Limit, 15. Possession, 15.

Pheasants

Open season from 8 A.M. to 5 P.M., C.S.T.; 7 A.M. to 4 P.M., M.S.T., October 20th to November 2nd, inclusive.

Daily Bag, 5. Possession, 5, one of which may be a hen.

Area Open—Entire state, except sanctuaries, game farms and the following counties closed for restocking:

Adams, Cass, Clay, Fillmore, Gage, Jefferson, Johnson, Lancaster, Nemaha, NuckoUs, Otoe, Pawnee, Richardson, Saline, Sarpy, Webster, Thayer.

Pheasants (Second Season)

Daily Bag, 3 (males only).

Possession, 3 (males only).

Open season from 8 A. M. to 5 P. M., C.S.T.; 7 A.M. to 4 P.M., M.S.T., November 10th to November 16th, inclusive, in the following counties, except sanctuaries:

Scotts Bluff, Morrill, Garden, Keith, Lincoln, Logan.

Other Game Birds

No open season on the following game birds: Rails, Doves, Swans, Cranes, Curlew, Plover, Prairie Chicken, Grouse, Quail, Chukar Partridge, Hungarian Partridge and Wild Turkey.

ANIMALS Rabbits (Cottontail)

Open Season—January 1st to December 31st, inclusive.

Daily Bag, 10. Possession, 20.

Squirrel

Open Season—October 1st to November 30th, inclusive.

Hours Open—7 A.M. to 6 P.M.

Daily Bag, 5. Possession, 10.

Raccoon

Open Season—November 1st to February 1st.

Daily Bag, 2. Possession, 2.

Opossum

Open Season—November 1st to February 1st.

Daily Bag, 3. Possession, 3.

Deer and Antelope

No open season.

GENERAL INFORMATION

Migratory game birds are protected by Federal as well as State laws and the fol1 owing regulations must be observed:

All persons over 16 years of age hunting migratory waterfowl must have Federal duck stamp in addition to regular hunting permit.

The use of live decoys or baiting is prohibited.

Dogs, blinds and boats may be used, but the use of automobiles, powerboats or aircraft is prohibited.

Those under 16 years of age are permitted to hunt without permits and are allowed the same regulation bag of birds.

No rifles can be used in taking game birds, and shotguns larger than 10 gauge are prohibited. Repeating shotguns limited to three shells on migratory waterfowl.

Game birds can be shipped by express, baggage or automobile, if accompanied by shipper.

No shooting is permitted on game reserves, sanctuaries or areas closed by Federal or State laws.

No shooting of game birds from automobiles or public highway.

All game placed in cold storage plants must have regular cold storage tag attached.

Wear your hunting badge in plain sight on hat or coat.

WARNING TO HUNTERS Do Not Shoot Chukar Partridges

Watch out for Chukar Partridges in the following counties where they have been planted: Lincoln, Thomas, Garden, Morrill, Scotts Bluff, Dawes, Sheridan, Dundy, Cheyenne, Cherry, and other counties.

Description

The Chukar Partridge is now being stocked throughout Western Nebraska. Do not shoot this bird as season is closed and heavy fines and damages will be assessed for illegal shooting of same.

These birds are usually flushed while in flocks. They have dove-colored backs and breasts, barred each side under the wings, red legs and bill, white throat, with dark horseshoe running from eye down the neck and back to eye.

GAME, FORESTATION & PARKS COMMISSION Lincoln, Nebraska