2 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA

Open Season On Pheasants In 38 Counties Fixed by Commission

A DRASTIC cut in the number of counties open for hunting pheasants was made by the Nebraska Game Commission on August 11, when they met to fix a season on these birds. The daily bag and the possession limits were also cut from five birds to four birds, only one of which may be a hen. The days open fo shooting were cut to eight.

The open season for the coming fall will be from 7 A. M. to 6 P. M. daily from October 25 to November 1, inclusive. There will be only one season of eight days this year.

The following are the counties open:

Scottsbluff, Banner, Kimball, Morrill, Cheyenne, Garden, Deuel, Grant, Arthur, Keith, Perkins, Chase, Dundy, Hooker, McPherson, Lincoln, Hayes, Hitchcock, Thomas, Logan, Keyapaha, Brown, Rock, Boyd, Holt, Knox, Antelope, Pierce, Madison, Cedar, Wayne, Stanton, Dixon, Cuming, Dakota, Thurston.

And that portion south o f Government ditch in Sioux County.

And the following precincts in Cherry County: Pleasant Hill, Goose Creek and Elsmere.

Hunters are advised that state laws close the Platte River except in Scotts Bluff and Morrill counties from noon each day. This applies to only the river proper, but in that area hunting must close at noon instead of 6 P. M. as elsewhere.

The Platte River through Garden county, and 10 rods on each side thereof, is closed at all times.

While there is a fair crop of pheasants generally throughout the state, the Commission feared that there were too many birds in some counties to safely carry through the winter and that it would be best to allow the shooting of part of the crop in order to get funds to feed the balance. Owing to the drought it is felt that the coming winter may find many birds without sufficient feed. All funds available to care for the birds must come from the sale of hunting permits.

The Nebraska Commission also took into consideration the grasshopper pest in many counties where the pheasant is not so numerous. These counties will be kept closed until the grasshopper plague is over and the birds more numerous. Mr. J. B. Douglas, Chairman of the Commission, released the following statement following the meeting:

"The State Game Commission in its monthly meeting held on August 11th, set the open season for pheasant hunting this year. The Commission fixed a season of eight days, opening on October 25th to November 1st inclusive. The shooting hours being from 7 A. M. to 6 P. M. each day. The bag limit was reduced to four birds, one only of which may be a hen. The restriction in bag limit and days for the open season was made in response to demands from over the state occasioned by the severe drouth conditions which have prevailed during the year.

"There was a drastic reduction in the open territory. This reduction was occasioned also by the drouth and was in keeping with the request of farmers from over the state that the open territory be limited on account of the grasshopper infestation, it being urged that the pheasants would do much toward the destruction of the grasshopper plague."

The following official order was published:

"WHEREAS, Section 37-301, Compiled Statutes of Nebraska 1929, as amended by Chapter 70, Session Laws, State of Nebraska, 1931, places the authority for opening the season and fixing the dates for an open season on pheasants in the hands of the Nebraska Game, Forestation & Parks Commission,

"THEREFORE BE IT RESOLVED, that the following regulations shall be in force during the season of 1936:

"The open season in the following counties and parts thereof shall be from 7 A. M. to 6 P. M. daily from October 25th to November 1, 1936, inclusive: Scotts Bluff, Banner, Kimball, Morrill, Cheyenne, Garden, Deuel, Grant, Arthur, Keith, Perkins, Chase, Dundy, Hooker, McPherson, Lincoln, Hayes, Hitchc o c k, Thomas, Logan, Keyapaha, Brown, Rock, Boyd, Holt, Knox, Antelope, Pierce, Madison, Cedar, Wayne, Stanton, Dixon, Cuming, Dakota, Thurston, and all that part of Sioux County south of the Government Ditch and Pleasant Hill, Goose Creek and Elsmere precincts in Cherry County.

"All other counties and parts thereof except those enumerated above shall remain closed, and it shall be unlawful to hunt, to take or to pursue pheasants in such territory.

"The bag limit shall be not to exceed four (4) birds per day, of which not more than one may be a hen.

"The possession limit shall be not to exceed four (4) birds, of which not more than one may be a hen.

"The Secretary of the Game, Forestation & Parks Commission is hereby instructed to publish due notice of this open season and regulations pertaining thereto and all conservation officers and employees working under the direction of the Commission are instructed to enforce such regulations."

OUTDOOR NEBRASKA 3

Uncle Sam Gives 30 Days For Limited Duck Hunting

NEBRASKA hunters will have an open season of thirty days for the shooting of migratory waterfowl, according to an announcement just made by the U. S. Bureau of Biological Survey and approved by Secretary Wallace. The season will open November 1 and continue until November 30, both dates inclusive.

This announcement came as a surprise to the Nebraska Game Commission, as that body had recommended that the season open October 21 and continue to November 19 inclusive, as last year. However, the Federal authorities decided to have three zones instead of two as heretofore, and to place Nebraska in what is called the "Intermediate Zone". Last year Nebraska was included in the northern zone.

The states will be opened this year as follows:

Northern Zone, October 10 to November 8—Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont and Wisconsin.

Intermediate Zone, November 1 to November 30—Nebraska, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, and Missouri.

Southern Zone, November 26 to December 25—(All states south of those named above).

The daily bag limit for ducks will remain the same this year as last, except that no Redheads or Canvasbacks may be taken. These species are reported to be extremely scarce and have been added to the closed list.

No changes in goose shooting will be made from last year except that the Atlantic Coast brant will be added to the closed list. The daily bag on geese is four a day.

The possession limit this year remains as last year, 10 ducks and 4 geese.

Live decoys cannot be used again this season.

Open seasons on other migratory birds will be as follows—Snipe, bag 15, possession 15; coot, bag 15, possession 15.

Federal laws permit the shooting of doves, but the Nebraska state law does not allow the season to be opened on doves. Therefore, federal laws on doves is not effective in the Cornhusker state.

The 3-shell limit placed on repeating shotguns last February will take effect for the second time this fall, and the new regulations provide that hunters may use a shotgun only, not larger than No. 10 gauge. Under this regulation waterfowl may not be taken with or by means of any automatic-loading or hand-operated repeating shotgun capable of holding more than three shells, the magazine of which has not been cut off, or plugged with a 1-piece metal or wooden filler incapable of removal through the loading end thereof, so as to reduce the capacity of said gun to not more than three shells at one loading.

The season on wood ducks, ruddy ducks, bufflehead ducks, and swans is closed.

The regulation prohibits entirely the taking of migratory game birds from or by the aid of an automobile, airplane, sinkbox (battery), power boat, sailboat, any boat under sail, any floating craft or device of any kind towed by power boat or sailboat.

NEW REGULATIONS

Here are some of the new regulations in force during the migratory waterfowl open season just announced by the U. S. Bureau of Biological Survey:

Nebraska open dates—Nov. 1st to Nov. 30th inclusive.

No shooting of Redhead or Canvasback.

Bag limit 10 ducks, 4 geese.

Possession limit 10 ducks, 4 geese.

DUCK STAMP

The Federal duck stamp will be a goose stamp this year, says the U. S. Biological Survey.

Third in the series started two years ago, the new migratory bird hunting stamp, universally called "duck stamp," will show three Canada geese on the wing, one with a Biological Survey bird band on its leg. The etching for the stamp design is the work of Richard E. Bishop, sportsman and artist of Mount Airy, Pa.

Selection of Mr. Bishop's work, says the Bureau, means a continuation of the artistic value of the duck-stamp series. The first stamp was based on a design of mallards by J. N. "Ding" Darling, and the current stamp depicts canvasbacks by Frank W. Benson. Copies of the first stamp can no longer be purchased at post offices, but the 1935 stamp will remain on sale until June 30. The new stamp, which will be available July 1, will add another species to the series and also an example of the work of another sportsman-artist.

Possession of a duck stamp is required by law of every migratorywaterfowl hunter over 16 years of age. In addition, many stamp collectors buy the duck stamps, and some conservationists have bought in quantity. Ninety percent of the proceeds from the sales go into Federal funds for migratory waterfowl refuges.

"It is the plan of the Biological Survey," says H. P. Sheldon, Chief of the Division of Public Relations, "that each issue of the stamp should have a value beyond that of the privileges which its possession conveys. If you never kill a duck you will still have acquired something that gives any sportsman a thrill whenever he looks at it."

DUCK FOOD

Wild ducks do not feed entirely on aquatic vegetation, as many persons assume. Water insects and other forms of aquatic life constitute a large part of their diet. One of these insects is the larval form of the Mayfly, which appears in countless millions near lakes and streams in late spring. In his book, "Michigan Waterfowl Management", recently off the press, Dr. M. D. Pirnie lists the foods taken by wild ducks he has examined. These foods included the following animal forms: Crayfish, snails, larvae of may^ flies, caddis flies, midges and dragon flies; shrimps, water beetles and grasshoppers. Some of the vegetable foods found are: Seeds of pondweeds, sedges and water lilies, water shield, smartweed, wild and cultivated grains and foliage of bushy pondweed, wild celery, etc.

4 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA

Why Fish Die

By G. W. BENNETT, Research Dept., Nebraska Game & Parks Commission

YOU are interested in fishes. Perhaps your interest finds satisfaction in a bowl of Guppies on the window ledge in the living room, or in the goldfish that move so gracefully about in your outdoor cement pool, or perhaps you consider all of this trivial and think of fish in terms of their ability to chew worms off your hook, or snap your gut leader at the end of a mighty rush that leaves your rod permanently bent and your knees just a little shaky. No matter where your interest lies, you, a keen observer, occasionally wonder about phenomena that transpire in stream or lake, pool or bowl.

One morning you look for your Guppies and you find that one of the little fellows, usually so active, is now floating bottom up, stone dead. What has killed it? Or you visit a favorite fishing lake and find dead fish lying along the shore by the hundreds, and others, sick or perhaps nearly dead, inactively riding the slight swell, moving slowly toward shore. You count your goldfish one morning and find that two are missing. Probably the cat got them, but still you wonder. There are so many factors that influence fishes in so many ways that there is a great deal of reason for wonder. Perhaps if you should gently scrape the skin of your dead Guppy, and place this mucous under a microscope, you would see numerous saucer-like forms, apparently with a fringe of hair around their outer edges, moving gaily about as if nothing had happened. You inwardly curse these invisible droplets of protoplasm and give the rest of the Guppies a treatment of strong salt solution. You may have solved your problem, but it probably is not as simple as that. Death may have been due to an oxygen deficiency, or to improper feeding or what have you? Any of a dozen or more factors working individually, or several together. The dead fishes in your favorite lake may have died because of a bacterial or protozoan epidemic, abundance of parasitic worms or fungi, lack of oxygen, or from poisoning resulting from the decay of Aphenozomenon flos-aquae, Anabena, Merismopedia, or almost any of the blue-green algae that have recently appeared in great abundance.

Let us leave the Guppies and goldfish and go out to the lakes. Let us bar the parasites, bacteria, fungi and poisonous algae from this discussion and consider the factors oxygen, carbon dioxide and temperature, and their possible effects upon fishes. Each species of fish has a limit of toleration for all of these factors, but their toleration is probably greater in most cases than that of the organisms upon which they feed, namely the rotifers, Daphnia, copepods, and larvae, so that before the fishes have been seriously affected by any extreme change in the above mentioned factors, the food has either become very scarce or its type has changed.

In order to study the oxygen, carbon dioxide and temperature, one must have certain special equipment. One must have a water sampler that will take water at any given depth and bring it to the surface in such a way that it has no opportunity to come in contact with either air or other water. One must have a thermometer that will register the temperature at any given depth and may be reversed in such a way that it will not change while being drawn up to the surface. With these two pieces of apparatus accurate samples may be collected, to be tested in the laboratory.

For most types of aquatic animals, especially fish, oxygen is absolutely essential to life. When the oxygen becomes deficient in any part of a lake the animals therein either move out or die. Oxygen is dissolved in water from the air at the surface of a lake and is also given off during the photosynthetic activity of plants below the surface, so that where the light penetrates the water sufficiently for plant growth, there one usually finds an abundance of oxygen. In the deeper parts of our fairly shallow, turbid lakes where light does not penetrate, there is often a deficiency of oxygen. This deficiency may be so great that all oxygen-using forms of life, including fishes, must leave this region. Originally there was oxygen in abundance here, but due to its use by aquatic organisms and its utilization in the process of decay that takes place at the bottom of a lake, by the middle of summer, probably all but a trace of oxygen has been used up. You may ask at this point why the oxygen hasn't been replaced by the circulation of the deeper waters with that of the surface. The density of water varies with its temperature and a variation of density is necessarily followed by a variation of weight. Cold water is heavier than warm. In the spring or in the late fall the temperature of the water in a lake is the same from top to bottom. The density is therefore uniform and when the wind blows the bottom water mixes readily with that of the surface. Thus a uniform amount of dissolved oxygen is present throughout the lake. As summer advances the surface water warms rapidly and becomes less dense than the cooler water at the bottom. By the time the surface has warmed to the point where it is four degrees warmer than the bottom, no amount of wind will cause the lower, colder water to mix with that on top. Thus the water in the lake bottom becomes stagnant until the surface temperature is again cooled to the approximate temperature of the bottom. Only then does complete circulation occur. This stagnant water at first contains oxygen but during the summer the factors mentioned above reduce the amount until it becomes practically nothing. How much of our lake, then, is stagnant and practically uninhabited during the summer? This of course varies in lakes of different sizes and depth. We might consider, for example, the largest sand pit among the group of State Lakes at Louisville, which has a surface area of 18.94 acres and a maximum depth of 32.8 feet. In this lake on July 8 there was a deficiency of oxygen from the bottom (32.8 ft.) up to a depth of 21.4 feet. That means that there is a large productive lake with a relatively high oxygen content and temperature (Surface—81.5° F.; 21 ft.—72.8° F.) superimposed upon a stagnant lake 11.4 feet deep, much smaller in area, and cooler (68-72.8° F.), and where no fish can exist for any length of time due to lack of oxygen. Fish food samples taken on July 8 from this lake show this stagnant lower area to be almost devoid of anything except certain fly larvae which inhabit the bottom mud, and exist in the presence of very little oxygen. The upper waters, however, having plenty of oxygen, contained numerous Crustacea and rotifers which are the main foods of smaller fish.

Let us consider what would happen to a trout if placed in the above sandpit during the month of July. Trout prefer cold water. From 68 to 70° F. is about the maximum temperature of water in which the Rainbow may be considered to do well. They will live at higher temperatures if the oxygen is abundant, but show distress if

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OUTDOOR NEBRASKA 5

"More To Conservation Than Fish"— Old Fisherman Says

(From Outdoor Indiana)

GUESS maybe folks think, because I'm an old fisherman that all that interests me is fish. But I think this conservation business goes all the way from fish to coal and oil, and maybe fish will come only as a kind of sideline at that. Reminds me of what I heard some one say one time at a tent Chautauqua meeting. He was talking about an old Roman, or maybe it was a Greek, named Plato, and this old Greek or Roman said you can have too much of a good thing. Seems to me this could apply to our fishing and other things we've got right here in Indiana.

Now, when I was a kid, I wanted to kill some grizzly bears and other varmints and I studied the catalogues and they bragged about how the old 32-40 and 38-55 would shoot faster than 1400 feet a second muzzle velocity. Today a kid can buy an innocent-looking box of ammunition that will go faster than that. Or he can get a shotgun he can shoot six times without taking from his shoulder. I see the old Kentucky squirrel rifles up for sale at a lot of fishing tackle and gun stores. I wonder if the ammunition companies haven't got so efficient that they've given us too much of a good thing. I wonder if this is the reason some men do their hunting with old patch and ball rifles or with bows and arrows. I just wonder; that's all. Do your own answering.

I know if they made fishing tackle so efficient that I could make a cast and catch half a dozen fish at once I'd get awful mad. You can talk about fishing tackle all you want to, but it's good conservation stuff. And using the artificial things does save the crawdads and minnows.

But that's only scratching the surface at that. Been hearing about these strip mine ponds and went down there to meander around and see what I could see. Fellow told me they had a big shovel that would grab off eighteen cubic yards of coal at a mouthful. I didn't believe that. So I inquired and learned that they had another one that would take more than twenty cubic yards at a grab. Then I got back to Indianapolis and they said they had one that would bite thirty at a chunk and could load a train as fast as an engineer could shunt the cars to the mine. Then I picked up a newspaper and saw the pictures of a shovel that was lifting a whole truckload of coal, truck and all, and the words under the picture said this shovel would gobble up thirtyseven and a half cubic yards at a grab I think a cubic yard is more than a ton. When my dad sold coal, thirty to forty tons made a carload. It's a lot more than that today. Well, I just wondered what would happen and how long the coal would last and what we'd do when it's gone, and whether we are not starting right about the proper time to get some firewood growing. Hain't that conservation too?

They use this coal to make electricity. My wife does the ironing: with electricity and sometimes she fries eggs that way. We've got an ice box that runs by electricity, but I don't know how. But when the coal's gone, how will they make electricity? Will they use more dams in more streams? I don't know; I just wonder. And I see farm houses down south there with little windmills on them and the windmills running little generators and the wind keeping the family radio batteries in shape. I just wonder about such things, and hain't that conservation too? Over at our township school the kids gave a play called the '.Windmills of Holland" or something like that, and I wondered how many windmills we'd have in a little while, and hain't that conservation too? Maybe we'll run the ice box with a windmill. I don't know; I just wonder.

When I was a kid, up at our town in northern Indiana, our newspaper got a telegram every afternoon, giving the prices of crude oil. But today I think newspapers don't give prices like that any more. There used to be a bulletin board down at the oil supply store and the prices were all marked up on that, too. I wonder a lot of things. What will we burn in our automobiles, How will we raise money to build the roads? Will we ever have to use castor oil to lubricate our engines? What about graphite along with oil? I'm not an engineer, and I don't know, but I've seen some changes and a lot more's coming I reckon, and I wonder if that hain't conservation too? You answer; I can't. I'm just an old fisherman.

They tell me there is enough energy in an acre of growing grass to run a small factory. We know there is energy in corncobs and fodder. Maybe we'll be making liquid fuel out of such things to keep us going: I don't know; I just wonder.

There's no use talking about conserving the soil. Every fisherman's seen a lot of good corn land running down the rivers and spoiling the bass nests, and if I get on that subject I'll write too much. But, being a fisherman, I know that's conservation. Ditching can be too much of a good thing, just like the old Roman or Greek said.

Then there's another side to this whole thing. Coal, soil, oil, corn, fishing, hunting, roads and automobiles are only things. They are for folks. In my time I reckon I've done my share to destroying things. I hain't pointing my finger at anybody, unless it's myself. But here's what I saw the other day.

I saw a kid with a fish pole he had cut. He had a coarse line on the pole, most of it wound in a knob around the tip. He had an old cork. He had a tomato can. He had a stubbed toe tied up in a dirty rag that his mother had put on clean that same morning. And that kid had freckles, just like a kid ought to have. That kid had a penny's worth of lickerish (that hain't the way you spell it polite, but you know what I mean) and he wasn't swallowing the juice. He was spitting and pretending he was a real fisherman, chew of tobacco and all. And seeing that kid, I just stopped the car and got to the side of the road and sat there and tried to think. And here is about what I think I thought:

When that kid grows up and gets a job, what's he going to burn in his automobile?

When that kid grows up and gets married and has a family of kids, how's he going to keep them warm—with coal?

And how's he going to change oil in his car if the crude oil disappears from the bowels of the earth just like it did in Indiana?

What kind of a hole does this crude oil leave in the earth when we take it out, and what fills up the hole? Will it be our good surface water or what? And does it make any difference? I

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"I THIRST"

(An Editorial)

Water—the common stuff that spurts from the taps and hydrants at a twist of the wrist—enough of it to slake one's thirst; enough to bathe in; even enough to wash down the hot pavements in midsummer and drench the dusty foliage in the garden :—the cheapest convenience and comfort of life. Yet there have been circumstances when water was not lightly regarded. I recall one such that is related in the Book of St. John by a man who witnessed the incident in person.

"Then saith He to the disciple 'Behold thy mother,' and from that hour that disciple took her (Mary) unto his own home.

"After this, Jesus knowing that all things were now accomplished * * * saith, T thirst'."

The scene, you know, was on a hill called Calvary and water was assigned the third most important role in that imperishable drama.

Out in the North Central States and over the prairie region of Canada in countless thousands other humble similar tragedies are being enacted today due to the merciless drought. Men, animals, and birds; trees, grass and every living thing—even the earth itself—is repeating that pitiful supplication that came down from the Cross: "I thirst!"

It is an area particularly important to ducks, geese and shorebirds. In normal years with pond holes, sloughs and shallow lakes filled, this great region produces a large proportion of the annual crop of water birds. This morning I was asked to prepare an editorial describing the effect of the catastrophe upon the wildlife of the region and this morning there reached me a simple report from a man on the ground, G. C. Chandler, Foreman of C.C.C. Camp BF 2 at Kensal, North Dakota. It seems to me that Foreman Chandler has practically written the editorial, for any writer would be a fool who tampered with a story so stark and simple and sincere as this:

"Six months ago today the thermometer registered 44° below zero. Today it was 114°. One year ago we had the last rain that did the section in general any good. July 8 the first real dust storm of the summer hit here about 10 o'clock at night, carrying a temperature of 99 and leaving ripples of dust on every floor, bed and piece of furniture in every house.

"Four-fifths of the corn fields planted in this part never came up and even less of the barley.

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OUTDOOR NEBRASKA 7

Golden Windows of Adventure

By FRANK O'CONNELD

ONCE upon a time there was little boy who lived in a little house at the foot of a mountain. He was an imaginative child and each day, late in the afternoon when the sun was sinking beyond the plateau to the west, he would stand and gaze in wonder at the golden windows of the houses far up the mountain.

This he did day after day until at last he felt a great desire to touch one of those beautiful golden windows. When the opportunity at last arrived, he stole away from his mother and with heart filled with expectation, climbed the mountain, mile after mile, until at last he was very tired. But always the golden windows were farther up the mountainside and always beyond his reach. Darkness came upon him finally, and being weary and not knowing his way, he lay down and fell asleep.

When he opened his eyes the sun was just coming up. He got to his feet and looked about. He gazed off down the mountain and after a bit he saw his own little home far below. And when he gazed upon it, lo and behold! he saw that its windows were now of gold—even of a purer and more glistening gold than those he had seen in the afternoon. And then his little mind awakened to the fact that it was only the sun shining upon the window panes and that the sun shone equally bright, if not even brighter, upon the windows of his own little house.

Today there are hundreds of Nebraska boys and girls, both small and fully grown, who go forth each summer in quest of the golden windows of adventure. And there are thousands of others who are disappointed that they do not have the time and the money to do likewise. Some of these seekers of adventure travel many miles. Some go north, some west, some east and some south. Some go forth to see beautiful scenery, some go out to discover the historical and legendary, some seek the rugged life far from civilization and close to nature, some seek the contest which comes in pitting their skill against the wild creatures of the woods or of lake or stream, some go out merely to seek a quiet nook where they can find rest and comfort. All of them seek the golden windows of the afternoon—those that are always far on up the mountain and many times just beyond their reach.

i. Now let me tell you something about the golden windows of the dawn—those windows that are close to home, not difficult to reach, and perchance equally, if not even more beautiful to look upon, because they are our own. I shall speak of the golden windows of Nebraska.

There are those who go far north, east and west to see beautiful scenery. But why leave Nebraska to find scenes that are beautiful? Do you not know that we have scenes in our own state that will thrill you through and through and fill you with pride? Where can one find more beautiful sunsets than in the Tree Planters' State, that commonwealth which is larger than the whole of New England, and which, beginning at the verdant bluffs of the Missouri gradually rises three-quarters of a mile until we find ourselves on the foothills of the Rockies—77,000 square miles of starry blue canvas for the sun to paint its magnificient pictures. Where can you find better scenery than to stand on the bluffs of the Missouri along the Fontenelle Forest, or along the River Road at Union, or on the Goose Hill country at Nebraska City, and watch the Big Muddy wind its way mile after mile through the vast fields of grain and countless orchards of fruit, through coppice of willow and grove of ash and oak— down that wide and fertile valley where myriad waterfowl feed and rest each spring on their way to the nesting grounds of the Dakotas and western provinces of Canada? Where can you find scenes more interesting than the Wild Cat Hills of Scotts Bluff and Banner counties, hills that are covered with scrub oak and fir, hills where today in sanctuary you can look upon buffalo and elk and deer grazing along the hillsides just as they did when the White Man first came to Nebraska? Or where can you find better scenery than the Pine Ridge country, extending from the mouth of the Niobrara in Knox County three hundred miles westward, through the great cattle country of Cherry and Sheridan Counties, through Chadron State Park, through the Niobrara Big Game Sanctuary, through Fort Robinson, through the haunts of Old Jules, through the fossil beds of Sioux county? And what of the scenery of the lake country in the great sandhills, an empire in itself, where great herds of cattle graze contentedly, where grouse and the prairie hen boom, where the heron and the bittern call and thunderpump, where thousands of teal, mallard and pintail ducks nest and raise their families. And what of the long stretches of the Platte, with its countless sandbars, covered with pheasants and shore birds, its net work of irrigation ditches, its mammoth power plants in the making?

So much for the scenery. Now let's consider those who like the historical —those who sometimes think they must go to New England or even to Europe to enjoy historical flavor. Why not try a little of our own history, to be found right here in the Cornhusker state, history that teems with drama and tragedy. First let us pause a moment to mention the Missouri-—the old Missouri River that was the gateway to the great northwest, where over a hundred years ago the great fur brigade trekked northward, where later came Lewis and Clark in their famed opening of the northwest, where the Omahas, the Poncas, the Mandans and other Indian tribes flourished. Then there is the Buffalo Bill and Pony Express country of North Platte and westward—a country as legendary as the Southwest or the Catskill Mountains. And there is the Duke Alexis country, where once the Grand Duke of Russia had a grand time at a grand hunt with grand fellows; the scene of important Indian battles such as Massacre Canyon, Ash Hollow and Arickaree Fork; the Overland Trails where monuments, a few-remaining patches of wheel-cut sod, lonely graves here and there, tell the story of the westward march of gold and home seekers that equals the great human treks of Europe and Asia. Or if you would like to learn the story and see the marks of a vanquished race —one that is as tragic and heroic as that of Carthage—then visit Ponca State Park in the very heart of a country where once a valiant nation of Ponca Indians rose and fell. Old forts, old cemeteries, the first American homestead, the birthplace of Arbor Day, the burial grounds of elephants, camels, tapirs of a million years ago, a land under the rule of three foreign flags,—all this you lovers of history and legend can find in the golden windows of Nebraska.

If you are one of those who do not care particularly for history or natural scenery but prefer solitude far from

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8 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA

Commission Field Activities

OPEN NEW PARK

Ponca State Park, Nebraska's newest park, was opened to the public in July. Governor Cochran attended a celebration in Ponca at which the new recreation grounds were dedicated.

This park is on the bluffs of the Missouri River in the heart of the old Indian hunting grounds. Three states can be seen from certain points. It was developed through the aid of CCC labor.

PUBLISH NEW MAP

The 1936 edition of "Outdoors In Nebraska", the Nebraska Game Commission's official map has won praise in all parts of the country. Hundreds of requests from Nebraska and many other states have been received.

The map this year was made as a pictorial guide and was printed in five colors. Fifty thousand copies were printed, most of which have been distributed.

A few copies are still available and if you have a friend or relative who might wish to visit Nebraska, send in their name to the Commission and a copy will be mailed free of cost.

FISHING GOOD IN NEBRASKA

The past season has been fair for fishing, though the drought has damaged many small bodies of water and therefore lessened the catches of late summer.

Catfishing on the larger rivers was exceptionally good during the spring and early summer months. Many fine bags of channels were reported from the Platte, Blue, Republican, Elkhorn and the Loup. A number of the larger specimen of catfish were taken from the Blue River.

Crappie fishing was good in Walgren, Pibel, Kilpatricks Reservoir and other lakes during the early season.

Bass taken have been scattered, and generally, were small in size.

Bullheads have been planted in many of the larger lakes and ponds, and of course, thousands of these fish have been taken. The Commission experienced some difficulty this year in finding enough bullheads for stocking purposes, as a number of the Sandhill propagation lakes were frozen out last winter.

SEND IN YOUR FISH SCALES

It took just 10 summers to grow a five pound Large Mouthed Black Bass at Kilpatrick Dam near Alliance, Nebraska. Scales were sent in to the Game, Forestation and Parks Commission by Elsie Duncan, from a bass 20 inches in length which weighed an even five pounds. These scales show nine winter rings, proving that the fish was in its 10th summer when caught. This growth rate is probably better than the average and conditions must be highly favorable for rapid growth in this location.

Mr. F. E. Blind of Omaha, has also contributed scales from a 10 year old Large Mouthed Black Bass. His fish was 15 inches in length and undoubtedly weighed less than three pounds. It was caught from State Sandpit No. 1 at Fremont, and probably represents an average growth rate for bass in sandpit lakes. A comparison of the size of these two fishes of the same age shows the extreme differences in the growth rate in two locations.

Do you know how rapidly your favorite lake or stream will produce those big scrappers that test your skill and tackle? If you would like to know, send in scales from all of the fishes you catch—trout, bass, crappies, bluegills, carp, pike or sunfish, along with the length and weight and location of capture; place scales from each fish in a separate small envelope or folded in a piece of paper with the data on the outside. These should be mailed to the Game, Forestation and Parks Commission, State House, Lincoln, Nebraska.

If you are planning a fishing trip in the near future and would be interested in knowing the ages of the fish you catch, write to the Commission for a supply of special scale envelopes to take along. This eliminates the necessity of hunting for envelopes or paper after the fish are caught. These envelopes are for your convenience and may be had for the asking.

It is essential for improved stocking of streams and lakes that the Commissioners know how rapidly the fish are growing in each fishing location. You can do your part in improving the fishing by sending in the scales from your catches.

NEW FISH EXHIBIT

The Nebraska Game Commission has provided a portable fish exhibit which will be used the coming year in publicity work for the department. A special body has been built on a truck so it can be placed at any point in a short time. Eight aquariums will show the more important fish of the state. This exhibit will be available for county fairs, sportsmen's meetings, etc.

THE CROW COMES INTO ITS OWN AS A TABLE DELICACY

"Would madam care for a bit of the roasted rook today?" It is, perhaps, the head waiter of your favorite restaurant intoning an invitation. For Old Jim Crow, that glossy smoothie, that raucous raider of the bird family, has reached the galley of the gourmet.

He's good to eat; in fact, delicious!

The discovery of Jim as a delicacy occurred recently in Oklahoma. A retiring public health official had learned that newspapermen, as a rule, are epicureans. So he served roasted rook (crow to you) at a press dinner. It was a swell banquet. Press wires hummed its success throughout the nation. And the hunting of Jim Crow and his abundant brothers assumed the proportions of a national boom.

But promoters of crow dinners needed recipes. Ergo, the More Game Birds Foundation sent out a culinary researcher, and forthwith dispatched his suggestions to Outdoor Nebraska.

Here they are:

First of all, the older crows should be skinned. Use only the breasts and legs. Young birds may be roasted like chicken, but use of butter or bacon is necessary or the meat may be too dry.

CROW BROTH: Take the breast and legs, brown a little in butter, and then boil with a little celery until tender, using water according to quantity of broth desired.

CROW SANDWICH SPREAD: Use the boiled meat. Remove bones, run through meat chopper, add some mustard, minced onion, salt, pepper or paprika, and mayonnaise.

Do you want to help raise more fish? Then send in a scale of the next fish you catch. This scale helps the Commission to find out where and why fish thrive and increase.

OUTDOOR NEBRASKA 9

"I THIRST"

(Continued from page 6)

There will be no wheat for grain, no rye, barley, corn, soybeans, sunflower, cane or millet. There is no green color anywhere to be seen now except in the more moist coulees a few feet wide. Even the customary green shrubs and scrub tree stuff around the lake shore is in large part as brown and dry as after an early fall frost, due to the severe hot winds we have had every day this week. The corn that has managed to grow is dry to the stem; buckbrush, rose, thorn apple and all other vestige of green summer time is burnt up. Jim Lake is dry and for the past three years Jim River from Arrowwood Lake south has had no water in it.

"As I made my rounds today I saw several wheat fields that are being literally blown away. No matter where you go, either in rolling pasture land, wheat, corn or river bottom hay land, there is not enough vegetation to hide a rabbit in any direction as far as you can see, except an occasional bunch of silverberry or buffalo berry which in large part is dead or dying. The general fire hazard is the worst that it has ever been in the history of white man in this section according to old time settlers.

"The wild life situation is terrible. Along the one lake in this entire area that is not dry (Arrowwood) scores of dead birds can be found that have evidently reached the water completely exhausted only to die there. During the past week I have seen several hundred dead birds of seventeen different kinds including owls, hawks, crows, song birds, sparrows, swallows and numerous baby ducks. Last Monday when we were opening up a dormant spring in the dry Jim Lake area nine different kinds of birds including three kinds of wader birds swarmed in around the legs and feet of the boys to get water. Many were too fatigued to move away after they had watered. "We developed six dormant springs in this manner and I am sure that the birds watering there daily can be numbered by the thousands. On one occasion about sundown we saw a mass formation of jack rabbits coming into the water hole area—many hundreds of them. In parts where there is no water the jacks are dying in numbers."

That's all there is to Mr. Chandler's story.

Drought is only one hazard for our waterfowl. It cannot be prevented by human agency, but its effects can be ameliorated. Something around 100,000,000 acres of wet land in the United States have been drained by the white man and much of it has never been worth anything since. Had it been left undrained, the drought would have swept the country just as it has these past few years, but it would have found higher underground water levels and thousands of cool shimmering water holes, undiminished stream courses—fortified places naturally situated and ready to assist the land and its inhabitants to withstand the parching siege.

Enterprises such as those undertaken by the Biological Survey and carefully calculated to reflood as much of the region as is redeemable need your support. It is one way to respond to that terrible simple plea: "I thirst!"

And if you do any duck shooting this year, think about those birds out at dry Jim Lake, part of the breeding stock for next year, "swarming around the feet of the men and boys to get at the water" and limit your bag accordingly. Wild things won't get that close to a man except for one of two significant reasons; namely, an extreme confidence in the quality of human kindness, or under the compulsion of a dire and desperate need.

—Colonel H. P. Sheldon.

TOM CATS AND GRASSHOPPERS

(As Viewed by David F. Poster, Secretary Jefferson County Wildlife Association)

Many devout Nebraska farmers are probably wondering just why they should be plagued with an army of grasshoppers, at a time when both Mother Nature and the major political parties have tried so hard to lift up their shining countenances upon them.

There are many wise old Tom and Tabbie cats that could give them the whole story if they could but talk. A bit of observation does tell the story. An old adage tells us that 'actions speak louder than words'; so let it be with the Tom-Cats.

Old Mother Nature seems to have designed this world upon a system of checks and balances. She did not intend that any one species of animal or insect life should over-run the earth, and hence provided that each might prey upon the other to keep it constantly in check. Nature, if left on her own, keeps all things in harmony and balance, but along comes man with his self assumed wisdom and he proceeds to throw the whole system out of 'kilter'. He proceeds to harbor from one to a dozen cats of varied and doubtful ancestry. When not dozing under the kitchen stove or meowing under Ma's feet at the back door, they are engaged in their favorite pastime of gourging themselves on young birds; and when too lazy to climb up to the nests, a grown bird will be gladly accepted as a substitute.

On the other hand our songbirds and game birds as well, feast from dawn to dusk on all forms of insect life. It is a fact of common knowledge that where birds are plentiful, insect life is kept in check. Where birds are plentiful the fisherman has a hard time to find a grasshopper with which to bait his hook. He will not encounter this difficulty in many sections of Nebraska this summer where fields are being eaten bare by the ravenous hordes.

The prowling house cat is responsible for this condition, and has been found guilty in every community where he has been brought to trial on such an indictment. Where house cats have been eradicated by bird and game lovers and unwanted cats sent to their rewards (if any), a marked increase in all forms of wild life was noted the next season. Song birds increased and coveys of quail and pheasants were to be found where none had been before.

A close observer will note that our fields and road sides are frequented day and night by prowling house cats. Many of these have no owner and live entirely on game, birds and the farmers' young chickens and ducks. A good cat may be an asset to the farmer through the destruction of mice and rats, if properly fed and cared for, but becomes a liability as soon as its activities extend to the woods and fields.

Game and birds are found to abound in relative proportions to the number of marauding cats to be found in any given area and insect life to increase in the same proportion where bird life has been destroyed thereby.

Destroy the game-hunting, bird-killing house cats and we will not be overrun by insect hordes of various kinds. Nature will soon recover its balance if given a half a chance. Hereafter when you see a grasshopper you will know that some old Tom Cat is to blame.

Have you purcnased your 1936 fishing and hunting permit? If not, do so now. The only funds available to furnish hunting and fishing is this dollar you spend for a permit.

10 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA

WILDLIFE FEDERATION IN MANY COUNTIES

Did you know that 60 years ago a canning factory for wild buffalo was located within a few miles of Kearney, Nebraska? A Frenchman conceived the idea of shipping canned buffalo meat to France as a business venture. The plant was established and hundreds of buffalo were slain, but the herds grew more wary and migrated westward from the dagger. As transportation facilities were not available the buffalo carcasses could not be transported a great distance, and the buffalo canning factory had to be abandoned with considerable financial loss.

Mr. Thomas Cass of Kearney in relating some of his early Nebraska hunting and fishing experiences told this story and of the abundance of wild game of all kinds near Kearney years ago. He also.told of the commercial hunters from the East that slaughtered our prairie chickens for market with the result that the season is now closed on this fast diminishing game bird, and one must go to a zoo or state park to see a buffalo. Our wild duck population is now estimated at 40 ducks per hunter, which is too low a number if the species is to survive. History tells us in the year 1800 numerous flocks of wild pigeons were seen in groups estimated to be a billion in a flock. It was not thought that any action of man would deplete their ranks, but today the wild pigeon is extinct. In the past 100 years every action of man has been oblivious to the needs of our wild life, and the need for action for restoration is very apparent. Eight species of wild life formerly abounding in the United States are now extinct.

Mr.. J. N. "Ding" Darling, the famous cartoonist, who was formerly director of the United States Biological Survey realized that the diversified efforts of all groups interested in restoration and conservation should be coordinated into one centralized program. Thus, it was that the North American Wildlife Conference was held in Washington in February of this year. At that conference, plans were made to establish the General Wildlife Federation whose purpose was to coordinate the efforts of all interested groups in this great problem of the restoring of our wildlife resources.

Mr. Darling, at a meeting of the national directors of the United States Junior Chamber of Commerce at Omaha in October 1935, enlisted the aid of that organization. Due to the fact that our group has chapters in 37 states with a membership of successful younger business men that accomplish things, the Junior Chamber was a logical choice for assistance. Under the auspices of the Junior Chamber 15 states have formed State Wildlife Federations. In Nebraska temporary state officers have been elected and organization work has been completed in 16 counties with almost 400 organization groups already affiliated under the direction of the Nebraska State Junior Chamber. You can readily visualize the tremendous influence in voting strength. In Nuckolls county the 34 affiliated groups have a membership of 5,000 people.

Each county in the State has a chairman who is contacting every organization in his county to ascertain if they are interested in the restoration of the Wild Life program. Each group will appoint a person to serve as spokesman for their group and be a member of the County Wildlife Council.

The way the organization is intended to work is somewhat as follows:

We will say a bill is before congress of vital interest to conservation. Its passage is considered to be of benefit to our interests as conservationists, hunters, bird lovers, etc. The national headquarters communicates with the headquarters of the various states, sending them literature or whatever is necessary to be passed on down to the individual members. The state headquarters has a list of all members in the state. Letters are mailed to each member, setting forth the facts and urging them to get busy and write, wire or personally contact their representatives in congress, urging them to support the bill. At the same time the county chairmen get busy and prod the members into action. This same sort of procedure would be taken in opposition to a dangerous bill or to stir up a governmental agency of any sort. In the state the same line of activity would be developed, influencing the legislature, the governor or the other state agencies.

DIRECTIONS FOR MAKING GAME BIRD FLUSHING APPARATUS

From two pieces of strap iron, each 14x1 ^xS 6 inches, make two angle irons. Make the arm to which the pole is fastened 19 inches long and the arm which fastens to the mower tongue 17 inches long. Bore XA inch holes in the 19 inch arm for wiring the pole and % inch holes in the 17 inch arm for bolting to the tongue. Bolt the angle irons to the tongue so that they extend out 3 inches beyond the tongue, using lockwashers. Wire the large end of the hole (preferably a heavy pole) to the angle irons by looping the wire over the pole, running the ends through the holes in the iron and then wrapping the wire around the irons and poles as tightly as possible. Wire the 20 inch chains as illustrated, using No. 12 wire and making ring loops at the pole and chain connections. The inside chain is attached to a 23 inch wire, the second chain to a 29 inch wire, and the next three are attached to 36 inch wires. The inside chain is attached 53 inches from the tongue and tied to the cane pole so as to keep it out of the way of the horse while making the turns. The chains are placed 13 inches apart. For a five-foot mower use a pole 10 feet 9 inches with 5 chains; for a six-foot mower use a pole 11 feet 9 inches with 6 chains.

In order to strengthen the apparatus, use an iron rod J^x20 inches with a small loop on one end. Bore a hole in the end of the tongue, insert the straight end of the rod and wire. Through the loop of the rod draw a strand of No. 14 wire attaching it to each end of the pole, drawing it tight.

When mowing close to the fence do not attach the apparatus until starting the second round. Or, better yet, if you can spare the outside round for fence row cover, install apparatus and start mowing, leaving the outside strip. This provides an excellent cover lane for the pheasants through the fall and winter months.

NOTICE SALE OF CONFISCATED GUNS

At 2:00 P. M. Saturday, September 19th, 1936, The Game, Forestation and Parks Commission will sell at public auction thirty-five (35) confiscated guns.

These guns were confiscated since our sale last September for violations of our game laws. Some very good Automatic Shotguns, Pump Guns, and Rifles are included in this sale and a list of these guns may be had by writing to Frank B. O'Connell, Secretary, Game, Forestation and Parks Commission, Lincoln, Nebraska.

OUTDOOR NEBRASKA 11

GOLDEN WINDOWS OF ADVENTURE

(Continued from page 7}

the madding crowd, if you seek a rugged vacation away from man and his work and where you can get close to nature, then you need not leave Nebraska. We suggest you go to the Sandhills of Nebraska and pitch your camp or park your trailer on one of the remote ranches or along one of the many lakes and marshes. There at mid afternoon you will find silence that is so intense you can almost hear yourself think; at twilight you can hear nature's night creatures in lake and marsh begin to stir; at dawn you can hear the splash of waterfowl or the drum of prairie hen; in the distance you can perhaps hear the hungry calf calling to its mother; the wind sighing through reeds and bunch grass. Or go to Chadron State Park and take a cabin in the woods. There, through the night you listen to the calm sighing of the pines about you, perhaps you hear a little owl outside your door. And in the morning you will be awakened by a chipmunk or a squirrel scurrying across the roof, or perchance the rapping of a woodpecker or the song of a lark. And during the day you can wander off across one of the skyline trails, all by your little self, and sit on one of the bluffs where once Indian warriors went to signal to others across the valley. Or if you have only a few hours to get away, try one of the numerous bluffs overlooking the Platte and the Missouri or the Arboretum at Arbor Lodge State Park where you can dream as the pioneers and the founder of Arbor Day must have dreamed in the days gone by.

Then again perhaps you are one of those who like to hunt or fish. Nebraska too has much to offer you in these things, with an ever increasing call. Nebraska with nearly 1200 lakes, more miles of running water than any other state, with one county larger than the state of Connecticut and fewer people living in it than those who daily work in the Woolworth Building in New York City, with thousands of acres where pheasants hide in the golden autumn and marshes where wild ducks and geese abound. Nebraska with nearly 500 varieties of birds, muskrat, beaver, raccoon, opossum and other fur-bearers ranks well among the states for abundant wild life.

These are some of the things the golden windows of Nebraska offers those who want to know and enjoy their own home state. If you have never seen these things, then you owe it to yourself, your family and your community to see Nebraska.

WHY FISH DIE

(Continued from page 4)

the oxygen is below 5 parts per million of water. In sufficiently cold water if the oxygen goes below 4.4 parts per million they begin to be distressed. A trout is placed in the sand pit, where he immediately goes downward, seeking cooler levels. If he goes down to where the water is from 68 to 70° F., the oxygen is approximately 2 parts per million, not enough for .his requirements, and he must come up into warmer water or suffocate, so he moves upward. By the time he has reached a position where there is enough oxygen for his requirements, say 5 parts per million of water, the temperature has increased to 75.2 o F. This is possibly where he will remain, although probably somewhat distressed by the extremely high temperature. If a fisherman lets his bait down to about 18 feet he may be fortunate enough to take this trout and as a result conclude that sandpits are good trout waters, to be intelligently stocked with this species. In reality, the trout is living under difficulties which are not conducive to long life or a rapid growth. However, there may be sandpits fed by cold springs that are sufficiently cold throughout the well oxygenated surface waters for a trout environment.

Carbon dioxide is somewhat less important than oxygen in the economy of fishes. It may occur in water in three forms, i. e., combined with some element to form a practically insoluble salt, or if more is present, to form a soluble salt which makes the water alkaline, or it may be found as free carbon dioxide. Free carbon dioxide in more than small amounts stimulates the respiratory center of fishes and causes them to "breathe" more rapidly, i. e., force more water over their gills. Although the amount of oxygen may be deficient and the amount of carbon dioxide in excess, a fish does not die at once because of its ability to utilize a reserve supply of oxygen contained in the swim bladder. This supply of almost pure oxygen, is sufficient in amount to sustain the fish for some time. Thus it is possible for a fish to go down into the depths of a lake that is poor in oxygen and feed upon the midge larvae that live there, coming up at intervals to replenish its supply of oxygen.

Although temperature plays an important role with trout, with most of our "warm water fishes" it is not such an important factor. Usually when fish are found dying in a lake, their death is not directly due to high temperatures of the water, but to some secondary factor brought about by high temperatures, such as an increase of obnoxious algae, a superabundance of aquatic plants which may reduce the oxygen during the night to the point where the fishes suffocate. It is probable, however, that temperatures above 90° F. are harmful to our warm water fishes, possibly lethal. I have seen bass, crappies, bluegills and perch dying in sandhill lakes when the surface temperature was 86° F., but I doubt that temperature alone caused their death. It seems more logical to assume that their death was due to factors that in turn resulted from the high temperature of the water.

So we take out our rods in midsummer to go fishing. The fish are not down on the bottom of the lake, except at rare intervals when they make brief forage trips into the depths for the one type of food that is there. Neither are they on the surface—the water is too warm for their comfort. You will find them somewhere between surface and bottom, in that zone where the water begins to be colder, yet not so deep that there is a deficiency of oxygen. Here they can exist during the hot summer season in comparative comfort, in sufficiently cool water, with sufficient oxygen and an abundance of aquatic organisms to feed upon, such as is found in no other part of the lake. If you want to catch them you must let your bait down to them. The big ones are there, occasionally ready to feed and seldom coming up into the warmer surface waters for that purpose. In deep sandpits this location probably lies at a depth between 10 and 20 feet—or at about 10 feet off the bottom. In more shallow lakes it may be between 6 and 10 feet, or even less, below the surface. And when you catch your fish, don't forget that the Commission wants the lengths and weights and scales from each separately, so that their growth rate may be determined.

MORE TO CONSERVATION THAN FISH—OLD FISHERMAN SAYS

(Continued from page 5)

don't know; I just wonder. And will this kid have to pay for it?

And if the soil keeps on going down the rivers and spoiling the bass nests, how much corn bread can he have? I've seen hundreds of thousands of acres of land that used to raise corn and can't raise it any more.

12 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA

Arrests for Game Law Violations

The following arrests for violations of the Nebraska Game Laws from April 1, 1936, to July 31, 1936, have been made:

NAME Floyd Richardson William Mullner ADDRESS Plattsmouth Exeter Guy Lewis Meadow Grove Charles Horlevy Exeter Robert Dieringer Harvard Oris Kernan "Hastings John Goodwin Hastings Frank Goodwin Hastings S. C. Ferguson Palisade Robert Owens Whitney Sylvester Liss Columbus James O'Neal Columbus Harry A. Winterfeldt Ulysses Adolph J. Winkelmann Staplehurst H. M. Wittie Chadron Alex Newton York Edward Pryce Broken Bow Howard Brown McCool Junction Walter Foltz Grafton Alec George Hemingford Otto BJuhn Seward Frank Smolik Comstock John Corbin Marsland W. L. Gabriel Fullerton William Keil Cedar Creek John Keil Cedar Creek Frank Redwelski Omaha John Sobetski Omaha Homer Smith St. Paul Ole Jacobson Boelus Albin Pojar Hooper John D. Meyer Scribner Felix Risse West Point Archie Young Omaha R. 0. Bavers Fremont C. L. Thomas Omaha Anton Liska West Point Earl Woleen Holdrege Ted Simpson Champion Henry Lillie Crawford Nelse R. Anderson Wahoo Edwin Bushek Plattsmouth Ray Grams North Platte Ted Fitch North Platte Martin Browik Columbus Wm. J. Roberts Omaha Jacob Stetz Genoa Ralph Farley Norfolk Jack Poore Omaha Hafold Sweigard Stanton Ray Christensen Laurel Ralph Watson Rushville Clarence Rush Rushville Cleo Steggs Ellsworth C. J. Steggs Ellsworth REASON Selling Mo. River catfish without vendor's permit Hunting without permit; shot 2 brant geese out of season; using 5 shells in gun Hunting without permit Hunting and killing 1 duck in closed season Hunting without permit Hunting without permit Hunting without permit Hunting without permit Illegal possession 7 ducks Fishing without permit Seining catfish Seining catfish Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Spearing fish without permit Fishing without permit Illegal fishing (dip net) Taking game fish with hoop net in Platte river Taking game fish with hoop net in Platte river Having 19 short fish Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Catching short catfish Fishing without permit; operating 1 fish trap Operating one fish trap Operating hoop net Too many lines and too many hooks in state owned lakes Too many lines Too many hooks and too many lines in state owned lake Selling catfish Fishing without permit Fishing without permit 9 crappies over bag limit Violating special fishing regulations on state lake Having 67 short sunfish in possession; fishing without permit Illegal taking and possession 2 bass Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Illegal fishing Operating hoop net in Loup River Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Seining bullheads Seining bullheads Seining bullheads Seining bullheads FINE $10.00 COSTS ? 3.50 27.00 8.06 2.50 3.05 25.00 7.56 1.00 5.60 10.00 11.20 (Case dismissed) (Case dismissed) 25.00 7.00 5.00 1.55 15.00 2.50 15.00 2.50 1.00 7.05 1.00 7.05 1.00 7.35 1.00 3.00 1.00 3.00 1.00 4.70 1.00 2.00 1.00 4.25 1.00 7.05 2.00 4.95 1.00 7.45 10.00 4.30 10.00 3.25 10.00 3.25 25.00 8.25 10.00 8.25 3.00 5.25 25.00 5.25 20.00 5.00 15.00 5.00 10.00 6.75 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 10.00 6.75 1.00 4.80 1.00 4.00 25.00 3.50 5.00 7.35 25.00 5.50 25.00 5.30 5.00 6.30 3.00 3.00 3.00 5.00 10.00 4.00 2.50 4.00 5.00 4.20 1.00 4.30 10.00 3.55 10.00 5.30 10.00 5.30 10.00 5.30 10.00 5.30   OUTDOOR NEBRASKA 13 Fred Happel Pilger F. E. Echternacht Spalding Frank Swetala Omaha J. R. Shaffner Ashby Frank J. Brazda North Platte Fred Rexus Gering Pershing Schell Grand Island Fred White Grand Island Carl Olson Upland E. H. Jennings Omaha Oscar Eklund Atkinson Harold Williamson Atkinson William H. Koselius Hebron Frank Jones Norfolk Harold Grau Osmond Melvin A. Roach Osmond Gene Halleen Osmond Milton Cizek Osmond Earl Tracy Osmond Francis Lewier Osmond Charlie G. Piltord Yutan Andy Ritchey Lincoln Emil Dne Stanton Ervin Dupsky Stanton Burt Cenei Chicago, 111. John Caniglia Omaha Johnnie Duskin Alliance Oscar Ryslavy Beatrice John James Loretto Fred Williamson Trenton Thomas Jensen Beaver Crossing Tom Stanley Union Pete Aksamit Alexandria Mrs. Richard Catteeuw Omaha Willard James Loretto Dr. K. H. Martin Lincoln J. H. Eppings Murdock Lester Porter Atkinson Julius Reismann Ashland W. E. Draper Greenwood Mrs. W. E. Draper Greenwood Ranee Parks Hay Springs Eston Moss Hay Springs Lloyd Talbot Rushville Jay Talbot Rushville Ross Denton Rushville Frank Denton Rushville Franklin Tinsvold Rushville Onie Ray & John Ronnau Burwell Henry Kunde Yankton, So. Dakota Henry Bransen Yankton, So. Dakota Toots Peak Omaha Fred Panning Winslow Clarence Stewart Greenwood Theo Panndorf Callaway Ted Lebsack Culbertson John Stennett Oklahoma City, Okla C. S. Hodgson Grand Island George Forney Omaha Omar Jette. Nebraska City Zelda Tryee Nebraska City Glen Orton Nebraska City George Hahn Lincoln L. P. Livingston Nebraska City Leo Trueblood Omaha R. W. Smith Naponee Operating fish trap Elkhorn River Taking and having in possession 31 bluegills Taking 1 black bass after having been warned to put it back Seining Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Illegal possession 3 short catfish Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Illegal flshing; taking bullheads with hands Illegal fishing; taking bullhead with hands Illegal fishing; catching bullheads with hands Illegal fishing; taking bullhead with hands Illegal fishing; taking bullhead with hands Illegal fishing; taking bullhead with hands Operating hoop-net Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Selling catfish Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit; too short fish Selling catfish Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Taking Big Mouth Bass less than 10 in. long Taking Big Mouth Bass less than 10 in. long Fishing without permit Taking short fish Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Seining catfish on White River Seining catfish on White River Seining catfish on White River Seining catfish on White River Seining catfish on White River Seining catfish on White River Seining catfish on White River Taking 9 short game fish Fishing on Nebr. side without permit Fishing on Nebr. side without permit Too short fish Illegal lines Taking Raccoons in closed season Fishing without permit Spearing catfish Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing after 10 P. M. in state lake Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing after 10 P. M. in state lake Fishing without permit; hand fishing 10.00 3.55 5.00 5.00 25.00 4.20 25.00 5.00 (Case Dismissed) 1.00 4.00 1.00 5.00 1.00 5.00 1.00 4.80 10.00 2.00 25.00 7.00 5.00 7.00 1.00 3.60 5.00 4.00 10.00 5.95 10.00 5.95 10.00 5.95 10.00 5.95 10.00 5.96 10.00 5.95 10.00 4.55 5.00 5.45 1.00 4.30 1.00 4.30 5.00 5.45 1.00 1.00 5.05 10.00 6.70 5.00 2.95 1.00 5.50 1.00 4.75 25.00 & 5.00 4.55 10.00 6.70 1.00 5.60 10.00 2.95 25.00 9.32 25.00 9.32 5.00 3.00 25.00 6.00 1.00 4.50 1.00 4.50 10.00 1.05 10.00 1.05 10.00 1.05 10.00 1.05 10.00 1.05 10.00 1.05 10.00 1.05 2.00 2.50 10.00 4.00 10.00 4.00 25.00 5.00 10.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 4.00 1.00 5.50 1.00 2.75 1.00 6.75 5.00 3.40 1.00 3.75 1.00 3.75 1.00 3.75 5.00 5.55 1.00 3.75 5.00 3.40 1.00 2.25   14 OUTDOOR NEBRASKA Devon Smith F. E. Haley W. B. Chrisler J. T. McFarlane Fred Annis Wilbur Cline Olie Iverson Alvin Kugler G. W. Burke Frank Odell H. D. Gibson Joseph V. Urban Edward Mares Eward Zedlicka Erlen Evans John Slauntz Otto Asche Howard Beauchamp Albert Maxfeldt Wm. Timm Arthur Miller Donald Kinney Charles Kinney Frank Novacke, Jr. Max McKnight Pat Jones Fred Howsden Will Jones Arnold T. Buller Jess Carter Otis Bartling Joe Colby J. L. Colby Edgar Molineu Mrs. Bob Cornet Ira Carey W. E. Michels Ira Hunt Gerald Wiedeman Earl Clawson Andrew Clawson Mathew Ossowski John Patton, Sr. John Patton, Jr. Eugene L. Heureux Amos Kindig Bill Snell Art Fowler Donald Cline Joe Campbell Albert Johnson Lorenz Sunblade H. R. McKenzie Fred Pecka Fred Vodicka Sylvester Lowe Andrew Anderson Robert Callender Tom Crawford Frank Oxley Naponee Wilcox Republican City Republican City Otego, Kans. Riverton Riverton Riverton Holbrook Holbrook Holbrook Clarkson Schuyler Schuyler Hayes Center Huntley Huntley Guide Rock Holdrege Holstein Holstein Wakefield Wakefield Pender Tilden Huntley Alma Huntley Utica Omaha Winslow Orleans Orleans Orleans Barnston Pilger Omaha Bloomington Bloomington Clearwater Clearwater Holmesville Franklin Franklin Upland Riverton Hastings Riverton Riverton Beatrice Loomis Loomis Omaha Omaha Omaha Omaha Omaha Stapleton Beemer Cedar Creek Fishing without permit; fishing with fork Fishing without permit; hand fishing Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Illegal fishing Illegal fishing Fishing without permit Hand fishing Hand fishing Hand fishing Possession of over bag limit of game fish Fishing without permit Stump fishing Fishing without permit Stump fishing and too short fish Spearing catfish Fishing without permit Too short catfish Too short catfish Spearing catfish; taking fish without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit; Fishing without permit; Illegal fishing Fishing without permit Fishing without permit; possession Fishing without permit Spearing catfish with fork Spearing catfish Spearing catfish Selling catfish Fishing without permit Operating seine Fishing without permit Stump fishing Spearing fish without permit Spearing fish without permit Fishing without permit Illegal fishing Illegal fishing Illegal fishing Illegal fishing Illegal fishing; fishing without permit; having 25 catfish in possession Illegal fishing; fishing without permit Illegal fishing; fishing without permit Fishing without permit Seining catfish Stump fishing Operating seine Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Fishing without permit Taking game fish illegally Taking & possessing pheasants out of season Fishing without permit Fishing without permit hand fishing stump fishing illegal size fish in 1.00 2.25 1.00 2.25 1.00 3.00 1.00 3.00 1.00 6.00 1.00 2.00 1.00 2.00 1.00 2.00 10.00 2.75 10.00 2.75 1.00 2.75 10.00 5.00 10.00 5.00 10.00 5.00 10.00 3.75 1.00 3.00 10.00 3.00 1.00 5.50 10.00 6.25 (Fine suspended) 10.00 6.25 (Fine suspended) 10.00 6.25 (Fine suspended) 12.50 4.00 12.50 4.00 3.00 4.00 1.00 2.85 1.00 3.00 1.00 3.00 10.00 3.00 1.00 7.05 1.80 3.20 2.00 5.00 10.00 2.33 10.00 2.33 10.00 2.33 10.00 5.70 1.00 4.00 25.00 4.25 5.00 6.25 10.00 4.75 1.00 3.00 1.00 3.00 1.00 5.70 10.00 1.25 10.00 1.25 10.00 1.25 10.00 1.25 1.00 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00 1.35 1.00 5.70 10.00 4.00 10.00 4.00 25.00 4.25 5.00 5.00 (Case Dismissed) 10.00 4.85 25.00 3.50 3.00 7.00 1.00 4.80

OUTDOOR NEBRASKA 15

Handy Reference of Nebraska Hunting and Fishing Regulations Season of 1936

A hunting and fishing permit is required for every person having arrived at his sixteenth birthday. Said permits shall be carried in a button furnished for the permit, said button to be worn in plain sight on breast or hat of holder. The permit together with the button shall be on the person of the holder at all times while he is hunting, trapping or fishing, and shall be shown immediately upon demand to any officer or person whose duty it is to enforce the provisions of this act and any person hunting, fishing or trapping in this state without such permit and button actually on or about his person, as above required shall be deemed to be without such permit and button.

RESIDENT PERMIT FEE Hunting and Fishing Permit....-..........................$1.10 Trapping Permit (all persons regardless of age must have a trapping permit)......................... 2.10

Unless holding a permit as required, it shall be unlawful for any person to trap or otherwise take any fur-bearing animals, or for any person sixteen years or older to hunt for, kill, shoot at, pursue, take or possess any kind of game, or take, angle for, or attempt to take any kind of fish from the waters of this state or possess same.

It shall also be unlawful for anyone to do or attempt to do any other thing for which a permit is provided, without first obtaining such permit and paying the fee therefor. Any violation of this provision shall constitute a misdemeanor and subject the offender to fine of not to exceed $100.00 except for trapping in violation of this section for which the punishment shall be a fine of from $5.00 to $500.00 or imprisonment not exceeding six months or both fine and imprisonment.

GENERAL REGULATIONS REGARDING GAME BIRDS AND FISH IN NEBRASKA

It is unlawful to buy, sell, or barter game birds, animals, or fish protected by the game laws of this state: Provided, however, catfish 13 inches in length or over, legally taken from the Missouri River on Permit issued by the Game Commission.

All game birds and fish shipped must be tagged in accordance with the law.

It is unlawful to hunt on private lands without permission of owner.

It is unlawful for anyone to trap fur-bearing animals upon land of another without his consent.

It is unlawful to destroy house or den of furbearing animals.

It is unlawful to use spear or any like device in hunting or taking fur-bearing animals or use explosives, chemicals, or smokers.

It is unlawful to use ferrets.

It is unlawful to run bird dogs or other dogs in fields where game birds are found between the first day of April and the sixteenth day of September.

It is unlawful to run dogs on forest reserves.

It is unlawful to explode dynamite, powder, or use poison, lime, etc., in the taking of fish.

It is unlawful to pollute the waters of the state.

It is unlawful to place carcasses in waters of the state.

It is unlawful to disturb private fish ponds or damage private property of another.

It is unlawful to take beaver without a special permit from the Chief Conservation Officer.

It is unlawful to place game and fish in cold storage or ship the same unless same are properly tagged.

It is unlawful to hold fur after the close of the season without special authority from the Game Commission.

IT SHALL BE UNLAWFUL:

(a) To shoot from any public highway at any bird or animal protected by this act;

(b) To hunt for any of such birds or animals with a spotlight or other artificial light;

(c) To hunt or kill or attempt to hunt or kill any water fowl from any boat or water craft propelled by sails or electric, gas, or steam power or from an aeroplane or hydroplane;

(d) To use any rifle or swivel-gun or shotgun larger than ten gauge in hunting any game birds, or to trap, snare, net, or attempt to trap, snare, or net any game bird or birds;

(e) To take or needlessly destroy the nests or eggs of any game bird or birds;

(f) To hunt or kill or attempt to hunt or kill any game bird or birds earlier than one-half hour before sunrise or later than sunset.

Method of Taking Fish—Snagging Prohibited

It is hereby declared unlawful to take, catch, kill, destroy, or attempt to take or catch any game fish by any means other than angling with hook and line. Fishing with a line having more than five hooks thereon, or with artificial bait having thereon more than three triple-gang hooks, or by snagging fish externally with hook and line, is declared unlawful. Provided that, carp, suckers, or other non-game fish may be taken by spearing between sunrise and sunset from April 1st to December 1st.

Fishing in Missouri River

Seines, trammel nets, and hoop nets, the meshes of which are 2 inches or larger, may be used in the Missouri River, South and West of the middle of the channel of said river and not less than 300 yards in any direction from the mouth of any stream emptying into said river upon procuring from the Secretary of the Game, Forestation and Parks Commission an annual Permit for the use of same. Fees, $5.00 for each 500 lineal feet of seine or fraction thereof; $2.50 for each 500 feet of trammel net or fraction thereof; Fifty cents for each hoop net. Each net and seine must have metal tag attached thereto having permit number stamped thereon. Cost of tag, ten cents. Before any such permit is issued to nonresident of the State, bond for $200.00 with two sureties must be furnished.

GAME, FORESTATION & PARKS COMMISSION Lincoln, Nebraska

1. CAT (SEMI-WILD) 2.CROW 3.GOSHAWK, SHARP-SHINNED HAWK 4. TURTLE